Racism in Asia

Bhutan

In 1991-92, Bhutan expelled roughly 100,000 ethnic Nepalis (Lhotshampa), most of whom have been living in seven refugee camps in eastern Nepal ever since. Nepali migrants are ethnically Indo-Aryans and mainly Hindu. The Bhutanese are of Mongol stock, related to the Tibetans who share their Buddhist religion. [ [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2cba2,469f386a1e,0.html UNHCR | Refworld | Chronology for Lhotshampas in Bhutan] ] In March 2008, this population began a multiyear resettlement to third countries including the U.S., Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and Australia. [ [http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=77513 NEPAL-BHUTAN: Bhutan questions identity of 107,000 refugees in Nepal] ] At present, the United States is working towards resettling more than 60,000 of these refugees in the US as third country settlement programme. [cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7082586.stm | title = Bhutan refugees are 'intimidated' | author = Bhaumik, Subir | date = November 7, 2007 | work = BBC News | accessdate = 2008-04-25]

Brunei

Brunei, is a monarchy and a very conservative Islamic country. The majority of Malay Bruneians view themselves as being superior to the expatriate workforce. Racism is widespread in Brunei (although it's usually a less sensitive issue in the country), especially towards people of Indian origin who are referred to as 'Kalings' (a variation of Keling in nearby Malaysia and Singapore). People of other ethnicities are also subject to a range of discriminatory laws that give preference to ethnic Malays with regard to health, education and business ownership. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298607.stm Country profile: Brunei] , BBC NEWS] People who are permanent residents of Brunei (referred to as 'pink ic holders') are officially regarded as stateless and are not recognised by the government. This could be considered a form of racism as these residents are more likely to be of Chinese ethnicity and face a multitude of problems when they attempt to enter a foreign country.

Burma

Ne Win's rise to power in 1962 and his relentless persecution of "resident aliens" (immigrant groups not recognised as citizens of the Union of Burma) led to an exodus of some 300,000 Burmese Indians from racial discrimination and particularly after wholesale nationalisation of private enterprise a few years later in 1964. [cite book|author=Martin Smith|year=1991|title=Burma - Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity|publisher=Zed Books|location=London,New Jersey|pages=43-44,98,56-57,176] [ [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875949,00.html Asians v. Asians] , TIME]

In 1978, a military operation was conducted against the Rohingya Muslims in Arakan, called the King Dragon operation, causing 300,000 refugees to flee to neighboring Bangladesh. In 1991, following a crackdown on Rohingyas, 250,000 refugees took shelter in the Cox's Bazar district of neighbouring Bangladesh. Despite earlier efforts by the UN, the vast majority of Rohingya refugees have remained in Bangladesh, unable to return because of the regime in Burma. They now face problems in Bangladesh where they do not receive support from the government. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7019882.stm Burmese exiles in desperate conditions] ]

Muslims are stereotyped in the society as "cattle killers" (referring to the cattle sacrifice festival of Eid Al Adha in Islam). The generic racist slur of "Kala" (black) used against perceived "foreigners" has especially negative connotations when referring to Burmese Muslims. [http://www.irrawaddy.org/aviewer.asp?a=5380&z=102]

Cambodia

The Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia disproportionately targeted ethnic minority groups. These included ethnic Chinese, Vietnamese and Thai. In the late 1960s, an estimated 425,000 ethnic Chinese lived in Cambodia, but by 1984, as a result of Khmer Rouge genocide and emigration, only about 61,400 Chinese remained in the country. The Cham, a Muslim minority who are the descendants of migrants from the old state of Champa, were forced to adopt the Khmer language and customs. A Khmer Rouge order stated that henceforth “The Cham nation no longer exists on Kampuchean soil belonging to the Khmers” (U.N. Doc. A.34/569 at 9). Only about half of the Cham survived. [ [http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_cambodia1.html Genocide - Cambodia] ] [ [http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/stantoncambodianlaw.htm The Cambodian Genocide and International Law] ] [ [http://www.country-studies.com/cambodia/the-chinese.html Cambodia the Chinese] ]

China

For decades African students in China have been treated with hostility and prejudice. Their complaints regarding their treatment were largely ignored until 1988-9, when "students rose up in protest against what they called 'Chinese apartheid'". African officials, who had until then ignored the problem, took notice of the issue. The Organization of African Unity issued an official protest, and the organization's chairman, Mali's president Moussa Traoré, went on a fact-finding mission to China. The issue was so severe that, according to a "Guardian" 1989 Third World Report titled "'Chinese apartheid' threatens links with Africa", "'Chinese apartheid', as the African students call it, could threaten Peking's entire relationship with the continent."

Ethnic minorities, especially Uyghurs, Tibetans and Mongolians, are among the targets of China's security crackdown in the lead-up to the Olympics, along with thousands of migrant workers, petitioners, social activists and Africans who are seen as potential troublemakers or protesters. [ [http://www.uhrp.org/articles/1207/1/Beijing-busy-welcoming-the-world-as-it-turns-away-its-ethnic-minorities-/index.html Beijing busy welcoming the world as it turns away its ethnic minorities] , The Globe and Mail] Bar owners in central Beijing say they have been forced “not to serve black people or Mongolians.” [ [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080718.wchina19/BNStory/International/home Africans in Beijing harassed as Olympics approach] , The Globe and Mail] [ [http://www.theage.com.au/world/fears-of-a-nofun-olympics-in-beijing-20080718-3hkb.html Fears of a 'no-fun' Olympics in Beijing] , The Age]

Anti-Japanese sentiment in China is an issue with old roots. Japan started off like other Western powers by annexing land from China towards the end of the Qing Dynasty. Dissatisfaction with the settlement and the Twenty-One Demands by the Japanese government led to a severe boycott of Japanese products in China. Bitterness in China persists over the atrocities of the Second Sino-Japanese War, such as the Nanjing Massacre and Japan's post-war actions. Today, textbook revisionism and censorship remain contentious issues.

Hong Kong

In a population of almost 7 million [http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/press_release/press_releases_on_statistics/index.jsp?sID=1752&sSUBID=7113&subjectID=&charsetID=&displayMode=D] Hong Kong has gained a reputation as international city, while remaining predominantly Chinese. This multi-culturalism has raised issues of racial and sex discrimination, particularly among the 350,000 ethnic minorities such as Nepalese, Indians, Indonesians, Pakistanis and Filipinos, who have long established minority communities since the founding days of the former colony or have come to Hong Kong recently to work as domestic workers. For example, filipina females are often addresses by the degratory term "Pan Moi" and male Filipino Pan Ji. There are also around 380,000 immigrants from mainland China who have also suffered discrimination [http://www.amrc.org.hk/5301.htm] , as evidenced by cases of high unemployment rates, poor working conditions, psychological and physical violence, lack of minimum wage. In 2003, the number of complaints filed with the body handling discrimination issues, the Equal Opportunities Commission [http://www.eoc.org.hk/eoc/GraphicsFolder/default.aspx] was up by 31 percent.

A race discrimination bill has been demanded by human rights groups for the last 10 years, and the government has been accused of putting the issue on the back burner.

Last December 3, 2006 was the first time a drafted bill was released onto the Legislative Council, and is expected to be passed before the end of 2008. However, the bill is criticized to be "too conservative" [http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2004ahrcinnews/222/] . The exclusion of mainland Chinese immigrants has also been a source of controversy, with the government claiming that they are not considered to be of a different race. Another issue of the bill has been of language instruction in schools. Low-income ethnic minority parents who cannot afford to send their children to English-instruction schools have to send them to Chinese-instruction schools, where they fall behind in classes or make little progress.

India

The earliest rejection of discrimination spiritually, was made as far back as the Hindu sacred text of Bhagavada Gita, which says that no person, no matter what, is barred from enlightenment. Even early Hindu texts such as the Rig Veda discourage the abuse of outcastes. The text reads, "Indra, you lifted up the outcast who was oppressed, you glorified the blind and the lame." (Rg-Veda 2:13:12) [ [http://www.bharatvani.org/books/ait/ch47.htm 4.7. INDRA AND SHIVA ] ] . The caste system was equivalent to division of labour and a Shudra's son (the lowest caste) could become a Brahmin. But later this system became hereditary and a Shudra's son would remain a Shudra.During the British Raj, racist views against Indians based on the systemic scientific racism practiced in Europe at the time were popularized. Views include dividing linguistic groups into ethnic "classes" (see Historical definitions of races in India), [http://books.google.com/books?id=dhbwDFfE9J8C&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=indophobia&source=web&ots=G3Y5MxDQde&sig=yU2htlm28bCIPV_8AnUZRCQ9X70] .The first Prime minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, wrote Cquote|"we in India have known racialism in all its forms ever since the commencement of British rule. The idea of a master race is inherent in imperialism ... India as a nation and Indians as individuals were subjected to insult, humiliation and contemptuous treatment. The English were an imperial race, we were told, with the God-given right to govern us and keep us in subjection; if we protested we were reminded of the 'tiger qualities of an imperial race'."From Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru, reproduced from "History : Modern India" (p108) by S.N. Sen, New Age Publishers, ISBN 8122417744]

It is claimed by some activists [http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/jpc/echoes/echoes-17-04.html] that casteism practised in India is a form of racism, but this is debated by those who believe that casteism has nothing to do with physical attributes, unlike racism. At the UN world conference on racism (August 31 - September 7 2001) the Indian Government opposed the discussion of caste in the conference, saying that "the caste issue is not the same as racism" [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1495052.stm] .

Such allegations have also been rejected by many sociologists such as Andre Béteille, who writes that treating caste as a form of racism is "politically mischievous" and worse, "scientifically nonsense" since there is no discernible difference in the racial characteristics between Brahmins and Scheduled Castes. He writes that "Every social group cannot be regarded as a race simply because we want to protect it against prejudice and discrimination". [ [http://wcar.alrc.net/mainfile2.php/For+the+negative/14/] Andre Beteille, Race and Caste,"The Hindu", 10 March 2001] In addition, the view of the caste system as "static and unchanging" (which would indicate a form of racial discrimination) has been disputed by many scholars. Sociologists describe how the perception of the caste system as a static and textual stratification has given way to the perception of the caste system as a more processual, empirical and contextual stratification. Others have applied theoretical models to explain mobility and flexibility in the caste system in India.cite journal |author = James Silverberg |date=November 1969 |year = 1969 |month = Nov |title = Social Mobility in the Caste System in India: An Interdisciplinary Symposium |journal = The American Journal of Sociology |volume = 75 |issue = 3 |pages = 443–444] . According to these scholars, groups of lower-caste individuals could seek to elevate the status of their caste by attempting to emulate the practices of higher castes.

Sociologist M. N. Srinivas has also debated the question of rigidity in Caste. [Srinivas, M.N, Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India by MN Srinivas, Page 32 (Oxford, 1952)] [Caste in Modern India; And other essays: Page 48. (Media Promoters & Publishers Pvt. Ltd, Bombay; First Published: 1962, 11th Reprint: 1994)] For details see sanskritization.

Pakistani-American sociologist Ayesha Jalal also rejects these allegations. In her book, "Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia", she writes that "As for Hinduism, the hierarchical principles of the Brahmanical social order have always been contested from within Hindu society, suggesting that equality has been and continues to be both valued and practiced." [A. Jalal, Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective (Contemporary South Asia), Cambridge University Press (May 26, 1995), ISBN 0521478626]

Historically, many Hindu reform movements have actively combated casteism and the practice of untouchability (segregation of the lower castes). In order to curb the practice of caste-based discrimination, numerous laws, including constitutional laws, have been passed in India outlawing casteist discrimination. [Bayly, Susan (July 1999). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.2277/0521264340. ISBN-13: 9780521264341] Special quotas are provided to the lower castes in access to schools and jobs. Lower caste political parties have achieved increasing prominence in the Indian political landscape since India's independence. The public practice of casteism has diminished significantly among the large urban and cosmopolitan classes in India. Nonetheless, the fight to end casteism is an uphill struggle, especially in rural areas where education and modernity are scarce, and numerous hate crimes have taken place in India that have been attributed to Casteism.

India's treatment of its lower-class Dalits has been described by UNESCO as "India's hidden apartheid". [ [http://www.unesco.org/courier/2001_09/uk/doss22.htm India’s "hidden apartheid" ] ] According to Rajeev Dhavan, of India's leading English-language newspaper "The Hindu", "casteism" is India's apartheid which will continue in its most vicious and persistent forms for decades to come." [ [http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/08/24/stories/05242523.htm The Hindu : India's apartheid ] ] In the Indian caste system, a Dalit, often called an untouchable, is a person who lay outside the Indian Caste System. Historically, Hindu Dalits were forbidden to worship in temples and Muslim Dalits forbidden in mosques [http://www.indianexpress.com/story/12109.html] . Dalits who converted to Christianity are frequently discriminated against by upper-caste Catholic priests and nuns. [Kerala Christians and the Caste System C. J. Fuller Man, New Series, Vol. 11, No. 1. (Mar., 1976), pp. 53-70.] [http://indianhope.free.fr/site_eng/article_5.php3] The majority of rural Dalits still live in segregation and experience atrocities to the scale of 110,000 registered cases a year according to 2005 statistics. [ [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/03/02/india-dalits.html UN report slams India for caste discrimination] ]

However, such allegations of apartheid are regarded by academic sociologists as a political epithet, since apartheid implies state sponsored discrimination, and no such thing exists in India. Anti-dalit prejudice and discrimination is a social malaise that exists primarily in rural areas, where small societies can track the caste lineage of individuals and discriminate accordingly. Sociologists Kevin Reilly, Stephen Kaufman, Angela Bodino, while being critical of casteism, conclude that modern India does not practice any "apartheid" since there is no state sanctioned discrimination.Kevin Reilly, Stephen Kaufman, Angela Bodino, Racism: A Global Reader P21, M.E. Sharpe, 2003 ISBN 0765610604.] They write that Casteism in India is presently "not apartheid. In fact, untouchables, as well as tribal people and members of the lowest castes in India benefit from broad affirmative action programmes and are enjoying greater political power."

Indonesia

"See also" Jakarta Riots of May 1998 and Anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia.

A number of discriminatory laws against Chinese Indonesians were enacted by the government of Indonesia. In 1959, President Soekarno approved PP 10/1959 that forced Chinese Indonesians to close their businesses in rural areas and relocate into urban areas. Moreover, political pressures in the 1970s and 1980s restricted the role of the Chinese Indonesian in politics, academics, and the military. As a result, they were thereafter constrained professionally to becoming entrepreneurs and professional managers in trade, manufacturing, and banking. In the 1960s, following the failed alleged Communist coup attempt in 1965, there was a strong sentiment against the Chinese Indonesians who were accused of being Communist collaborators. In 1998, Indonesia riots over higher food prices and rumors of hoarding by merchants and shopkeepers often degenerated into anti-Chinese attacks. [ [http://www.iht.com/articles/1998/02/24/qanda.t_2.php International Herald Tribune: Q&A / Juwono Sudarsono, Defense Official : Racism in Indonesia Undercuts Unity] ]

Amnesty International has estimated more than 100,000 Papuans, one-sixth of the population, have died as a result of government-sponsored violence against West Papuans, [ [http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=651 Report claims secret genocide in Indonesia - University of Sydney] ] while others had previously specified much higher death tolls. [ [http://www.news.vu/en/news/RegionalNews/050728-West-Papua-Support.shtml West Papua Support] ] The 1990s saw Indonesia accelerate its Transmigration program, under which hundreds of thousands of Javanese and Sumatran migrants were resettled to Papua over a ten-year period. Prior to Indonesian rule, the Asian population was estimated at 16,600. Critics suspect that the Transmigration program's purpose is to tip the balance of the province's population from the heavily Melanesian Papuans toward western Indonesians, thus further consolidating Indonesian control. [ [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/cline/papua/transmigration.htm West Papua - Transmigration] ]

Korea

Koreans tend to equate nationality or citizenship with membership in a single, homogeneous ethnic group or "race" (minjok, in Korean). [ [http://www.amren.com/mtnews/archives/2005/05/biracial_people.php Biracial People Face Discrimination in Korea] ] A common language and culture also are viewed as important elements in Korean identity. The idea of multiracial or multiethnic nations, like Australia or the United States, strikes some Koreans as odd or even contradictory. Both North Korea and South Korea are among the world's most ethnically homogeneous nations. South Korean schools have been criticised for hiring only white teachers who apply to teach English, because Koreans regard fair skin color as representative of "American" or "English"-ness. [ [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11826937 NPR : Ethnic Bias Seen in South Korea Teacher Hiring] ] [ [http://www.blogtoplist.com/rss/racism.html Racism] ] Other than that, there is widespread prevailing discrimination in Korea. People generally believe in a state of "pure blood" [ [http://aparc.stanford.edu/news/koreas_ethnic_nationalism_is_a_source_of_both_pride_and_prejudice_according_to_giwook_shin_20060802/ Korea's ethnic nationalism is a source of both pride and prejudice, according to Gi-Wook Shin - Shorenstein APARC ] ] . However, despite this, South Korea is fast becoming a multicultural and multiracial country with the foreign population approaching 2% of the national population. [ [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/07/117_28422.html Foreigners Approach 2 Percent of Population] ] The South Korean government is also implementing initiatives to raise awareness and reduce discrimination."See also: Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea"

Japan

Japanese society, with its ideology of homogeneity, has traditionally been intolerant of ethnic and other differences. It is safe to say that there has been a strong sense of xenophobia since it has opened borders to foreigners. For example, the Dutch sailors landed on the Japanese shore were characterized by their "butter-like" body odor, hairiness, and unsophisticated behavior. Those who were identified as different might be considered "polluted" —- the category applied historically to the outcasts of Japan, particularly the hisabetsu buraku, "discriminated communities," often called burakumin, a term some find offensive —- and thus not suitable as marriage partners or employees. Men or women of mixed ancestry, those with family histories of certain diseases, and foreigners, and members of minority groups faced discrimination in a variety of forms. In 2005, a United Nations report expressed concerns about racism in Japan and that government recognition of the depth of the problem was not total. [cite web|url=http://www.unic.or.jp/new/pr05-057-E.htm |title=Press Conference by Mr Doudou Diène, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights |accessdate=2007-01-05] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4671687.stm "Japan racism 'deep and profound".] BBC News (2005-07-11). Retrieved on 2007-01-05.] The author of the report, Doudou Diène (Special Rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights), concluded after a nine-day investigation that racial discrimination and xenophobia in Japan primarily affects three groups: national minorities, Latin Americans of Japanese descent, mainly Japanese Brazilians, and foreigners from "poor" countries. [ cite web |url=http://www.imadr.org/geneva/2006/G0610396.pdf |title='Overcoming "Marginalization" and "Invisibility"', International Movement against all forms of Discrimination and Racism |accessdate=2007-01-05]

Japan accepted just 16 refugees in 1999, while the United States took in 85,010 for resettlement, according to the UNHCR. New Zealand, which is 30 times smaller than Japan, accepted 1,140 refugees in 1999. Just 305 persons were recognized as refugees by Japan from 1981, when Japan ratified the U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, to 2002. [ [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2003_Feb_24/ai_98002254 Japan's refugee policy] ] [ [http://www.iwanami.co.jp/jpworld/text/ClosedCountry01.html Questioning Japan's 'Closed Country' Policy on Refugees] ] Japanese Minister Taro Aso has called Japan a "one race" nation. [ [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/member.html?nn20051018a7.htm Aso says Japan is nation of 'one race'] ]

During World War II, Anti-American and Anti-Sino sentiments were in Japan, often saying America was an evil country and China too. These Sinophobic sentiments helped to materialize the Imperial soldiers' atrocities in massive scale against the Chinese during World War II, culminating in the Nanking Massacre and the Three Alls Policy "("Kill All", "Burn All" and "Loot All")". The Second Sino-Japanese War claimed the lives of at least 20 million Chinese. [ [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan] ] Though Anti-American sentiments are now very low due to the fact the relations got better, Anti-Sino sentiments still go on in Japan.

Recently, as of 2008, in Japan most anti-American sentiment is believed to have been focused upon the presence and behavior of American military personnel, aggravated especially by high-profile crimes committed by U.S. servicemembers, such as the 1995 Okinawan rape incident.cite web |url= http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9510/okinawa_protest/index.html|title=Thousands rally against U.S. bases in Okinawa|accessdate=2008-04-11 |publisher=CNN |date=1995-10-21 ] President of the Okinawa chapter of the NAACP, said the sentence was "excessive compared to verdicts that would be given to Okinawan nationals." "I'm not sure whether it's because they are American or African-American." [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9407E2DB1F39F934A35750C0A960958260 3 U.S. Servicemen Convicted Of Rape of Okinawa Girl] , March 7, 1996, New York Times]

Ainu people are an ethnic group indigenous to Hokkaidō, northern Honshū, the Kuril Islands, much of Sakhalin, and the southernmost third of the Kamchatka peninsula. As Japanese settlement expanded, the Ainu were pushed northward, until by the Meiji period they were confined by the government to a small area in Hokkaidō, in a manner similar to the placing of American Indians on reservations. [ [http://countrystudies.us/japan/57.htm Japan - Ainu] ]

Pakistan

A strong anti-Bengali sentiment existed in the government machinery of West Pakistan before 1971. [http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html Case Study: Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971] ,gendercide.org] The genocide and gendercidal atrocities perpetrated by the Muslim-majority Pakistani regime during the liberation war of Bangladesh were strongly motivated by anti-Bengali racism, especially against the Bengali Hindu minority. [ cite book | last = O'Leary | first = Brendan | authorlink = Brendan O'Leary | coauthors = Thomas M. Callaghy, Ian S. Lustick | title = Right-Sizing the State: The Politics of Moving Borders P179 | origyear = 2001 | accessyear = 2007 | edition = 1st | publisher = Oxford University Press | language = English | isbn = 0199244901 ] It should be pointed out, however, that two ethnic Bengalis: Muhammad Ali Bogra, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy held the highest office of Prime Minister of Pakistan.Historian Christoffe Jaffrelot argues in his landmark work "Pakistan. Nationalism without a Nation" that contemporary Pakistan is essentially little more than a Punjabi racial ethnocracy.He refers to the phenomenon as the "Punjabization of Pakistan" Christophe Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism Without A Nation, Zed Books (May 17, 2002), ISBN 1842771175] He observes systemic ethnic and cultural irredentism in Pakistan that intentionally minimizes and disparages non-Punjabis. Other ethnic and sectarian strife in Pakistan that have roots in perceptions of race are the Muhajir Urdu movement, and Pashtun nationalism.

Russia

The term "pogrom" became commonly used in English after a large-scale wave of anti-Jewish riots swept through south-western Czarist Russia in 1881–1884. A much bloodier wave of pogroms broke out in 1903–1906, leaving an estimated 2,000 Jews dead. By the beginning of the 20th century, most European Jews lived in the so-called Pale of Settlement, the Western frontier of the Russian Empire consisting generally of the modern-day countries of Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and neighboring regions. Many pogroms accompanied the Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War, an estimated 70,000 to 250,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire; the number of Jewish orphans exceeded 300,000. [ [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-215022/anti-Semitism Anti-Semitism in modern Europe] ] [Hilary L Rubinstein, Daniel C Cohn-Sherbok, Abraham J Edelheit, William D Rubinstein, "The Jews in the Modern World", Oxford University Press, 2002.]

Racism inside Russia is quite a modern post-USSR phenomenon that has been steadily growing in the past decade. In the 2000s, neo-Nazi groups inside Russia have risen to include as many as tens of thousands of people. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/08/14/MNGUSE7N2D1.DTL] Racism against the peoples of the Caucasus, Africans, Central Asians and East Asians (Vietnamese, Chinese, etc.) is an ever-increasing problem. [http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=726]

A Pew Global opinion poll showed that 25% of Russians had an unfavorable view of Jews. [http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?PageID=795] Racism towards central Asians is said to be widespread.Fact|date=December 2007

Philippines

Racism against the Japanese started during the second World war when the Japanese occupied the archipelago. There were many Anti - Japanese and Guerrilla groups throughout the country, however some Filipinos has already forgiven the Japanese for their atrocities. A good number of Muslim tourists and Muslim Filipinos from the Southern island of Mindanao have experienced racism from Northerners because of the Moro rebellion in the South. Malaysians and some Indonesians also experience racism due to the Sabah claim of the Philippines.

Taiwan

The Nationality Law of the Republic of China has been criticized [ [http://jidanni.org/foreigner/ Not allowed to be Taiwanese] ] for its methods of determining which immigrants get citizenship.

Vietnam

The Sino-Vietnamese War resulted in the discrimination and consequent migration of Vietnam's ethnic Chinese. Many of these people fled as "boat people". In 1978-79, some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees (many officially encouraged and assisted) or were expelled across the land border with China. [ [http://www.discovervancouver.com/GVB/vancouver-vietnamese.asp/ Vietnamese] , Kevin Griffin]

References

See also

Racism by country