Battle of Tirad Pass

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Tirad Pass
partof=the Philippine-American War
date=December 2, 1899
place=Luzon, Philippines
result=Successful Filipino delaying action
American victory
combatant1=flagicon|United States United States
combatant2=
commander1=Peyton C. March
commander2=Gregorio del Pilar†
strength1=500
strength2=60
casualties1=2 dead and 9 wounded
casualties2=52 dead and woundedThe Battle of Tirad Pass, sometimes referred to as the "Philippine Thermopylae", was a battle in the Philippine-American War fought on December 2, 1899, in northern Luzon in the Philippines, in which a 60-man Filipino rearguard commanded by Brigadier General Gregorio del Pilar succumbed to 500 Americans of the 33rd Infantry regiment under Major Peyton C. March, while delaying the American advance to ensure Emilio Aguinaldo's escape.

Background

The retreat of Aguinaldo through the mountainous terrain of which the pass provided a strategic bottleneck was protected by a rear guard under Gen. Gregorio del Pilar who had prior knowledge of the terrain of Tirad Pass ("Pasong Tirad"), and hunkered down to defend it while Aguinaldo made good his escape through the mountains. The hand-picked force of Filipinos constructed several sets of trenches and stone barricades, all of which dominated the narrow trail that zig-zagged up towards the pass.

Battle

At about 6:30 in the morning of December 2, the Americans advanced up the trail and were met with a steady volley of fire, leading to several U.S. casualties. The Americans abandoned the idea of a frontal assault and instead sent elements of their force to outflank the defenders. Texan sharpshooters stationed themselves on a hill overlooking the trenches and proceeded to whittle down the Philippine rearguard with measured volleys, who held their ground, utilizing focused volley fire that repelled other advances by the Americans.

With the help of local villager named Januario Galut, another group of Americans were led up a trail by which they could emerge to the rear of the Filipinos' positions.

After more than five hours after the battle began, Americans fell upon the flank and rear of the outnumbered defenders, killing or wounding some 52 of the 60 Filipinos. Among the dead was General del Pilar, shot through the neck at the height or end of the struggle (depending upon which eye-witness account is to be believed). The Americans lost 30 dead and 9 wounded, most of which resulted from the repelled frontal assault. Despite nearly total annihilation, however, the Filipinos held off the Americans long enough for Aguinaldo to escape.

Aftermath

A diary belonging to Gen. del Pilar, who was known as the "boy general of the Filipinos", was recovered among the possessions appropriated by the victorious Americans, who had stripped him bare of his military decorations, his uniform and his personal belongings, leaving him, as the eyewitness, correspondent Richard Henry Little wrote, "only his glory". Its poignant final entry, written on the night of December 1, read:

The body of Gen. del Pilar lay unburied for days. Lt. Dennis Quinlan later buried his body and left a plaque, "Gen. Gregorio del Pilar, Died December 2, 1899, Commanding Aguinaldo's Rear Guard, An Officer and a Gentleman."

Memorials

In honor of Gen. Del Pilar's heroism, the Philippine Military Academy was named Fort Del Pilar and a historical marker placed at the site of the battle.

The Battle of Tirad Pass and the death of General Del Pilar was also commemorated during World War II when the Japanese-backed government of President Jose P. Laurel sought to re-kindle anti-American sentiment by reviving memories of the Philippine-American War with the creation of the Tirad Pass Medal. The design of the obverse (front) of the medal included a bust of General Del Pilar and a view of Tirad Pass. The design of the reverse (back) includes the date 1944. The Tirad Pass Medal was the only military medal or decoration issued by the Laurel government during the Japanese occupation. [cite book | last =Basso | first = Aldo P.| authorlink = | title =Coins, Medals and Tokens of the Philippines 1728-1974, 2nd Edition | publisher =Bookman Printing House | date =1975 | pages = |doi = | isbn = ]

References