- 1260
Events
Europe
War and politics
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September 4 - The SieneseGhibellines , supported by the forces of KingManfred of Sicily , defeats the FlorentineGuelphs at Montaperti.
*Battle of Kressenbrunn : KingOtakar II of Bohemia captures Styria from KingBela IV of Hungary .
*Battle of Durbe : The Baltic Samogitians andCuronians defeat theTeutonic Knights .
* TheDuchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg andSaxony-Wittenberg , marking the end of the first Saxon state.
* War breaks out in theValais (today inSwitzerland ) as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by theCounty of Savoy .Culture
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October 24 - The spectacularCathedral of Chartres is dedicated in the presence of KingLouis IX of France (the cathedral is now aUNESCO World Heritage Site ).
* Construction on theDunkeld Cathedral begins inPerthshire ,Scotland .
* Construction begins on thecathedral atMeißen .
* Construction begins on the cathedral atSchwerin .
*Jacobus de Voragine compiles his work, the "Golden Legend ", a latemedieval best-seller.
*Nicola Pisano sculpts the pulpit of thePisa Baptistery.
* German musical theoristFranco of Cologne publishes "Ars Cantus Mensurabilis", in which he advances a new theory of musical notation in which the length of a musical note is denoted by the shape of that note, a system still used today.
* Themosaic "Christ between the Virgin and St Minias" is made on the facade of Florence'sBasilica di San Miniato al Monte .
* The advent of the Age of the Holy Spirit predicted byJoachim of Fiore , according to his interpretation of theBook of Revelation , chapter 6.Asia
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May 5 -Kublai Khan becomes ruler of theMongol Empire .
*May 21 - Kublai sends his envoy Hao Jing to negotiate with Song Dynasty Chancellor Jia Sidao, after the small force left by Kublai south of theYangzi River is destroyed by a Chinese army of theSouthern Song Dynasty . Chancellor Jia Sidao imprisons the entire embassy of Kublai. This slight will not be forgotten by Kublai, but he is unable to assault the Song due to the civil war with his rival brotherAriq Böke .
*September 3 - TheMamluks defeat theMongols at theBattle of Ain Jalut inPalestine , marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.
* TheSena Dynasty ofBengal falls.
* The Chinese era "Jingding" begins and ends in the SouthernSong Dynasty ofChina .
* The JapaneseShōgen era ends, and theBun'ō era begins.
* TheHindu Silharya Dynasty, which ruled an area aroundMumbai , ends.
* The newly formedSukhothai kingdom ofThailand adoptsTheravada Buddhism .Africa
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October 24 - Saif ad-Din Qutuz,Mamluk sultan ofEgypt , is assassinated byBaibars , who seizes power for himself.Births
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Henry de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham (d.1339 )
*Matthew Csák , ruler of theVáh and theTatras regions in present-daySlovakia (d.1321 )
*Meister Eckhart , German theologian, philosopher and mystic (d.1328 )
* Agnes of France, only daughter of Louis VII of France by his third wife Adèle of Champagne (d.1240 )
*Andronicus II Palaeologus , Byzantine Emperor (d.1332 )
*Enguerrand de Marigny , minister to KingPhilip IV of France
*Guillaume de Nogaret ,keeper of the seal to King Philip IV of France (year very uncertain) (d.1313 )
*Maximus Planudes , Byzantine grammarian and theologian (approximate date; d.1330 )
* Farsi, Persian mathematician and physicist (d.1320 )Deaths
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October 24 - Saif ad-Din Qutuz,Mamluk sultan ofEgypt
* Franciscus Accursius, Italian jurist (approximate date)
*Matilda II of Bologne , sovereign Countess of Bologne
*Aymer de Valence ,Bishop of Winchester
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