NAMC YS-11

"YS II" redirects here. For the video game, see Ys II: Ancient Ys Vanished – The Final Chapter.

NAMC YS-11
A YS-11 of Japan Air Commuter
Role	Turboprop Airliner
Manufacturer	Nihon Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation
First flight	August 30, 1962
Introduction	March 30, 1965, for All Nippon Airways (first passenger flight with Japan Air Commuter in 1965)
Produced	1962–1974
Number built	182

The NAMC YS-11 is a turboprop airliner built by a Japanese consortium, the Nihon Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation. The program was initiated by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry in 1954, the aircraft was rolled out in 1962, and production ceased in 1974.

Development and design

In the mid-to-late 1950s, the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry identified a requirement for a short-haul airliner to replace Douglas DC-3s flying on Japan's domestic routes, and encouraged companies in Japan's aircraft industry to collaborate to develop and produce the new airliner. A joint venture between Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Fuji Heavy Industries (now better known as the parent company of automobile manufacturer Subaru), Shin Meiwa, Showa Aircraft Industry Company and Japan Aircraft Industry Company was set up in 1957, being formalised as the Nihon Aeroplane Manufacturing Company (NAMC) in 1959.^[1][2]

NAMC designed a low-winged twin-turboprop monoplane seating 60 passengers. Although the aircraft was mainly designed and manufactured in Japan, the engines were built by Rolls-Royce, with the 2,275 kW (3,050 ehp) Rolls-Royce Dart RDa.10/1 being selected for the new aircraft.^[3] Electronic equipment, avionics, mechanical and fuselage components were supplied either by Japanese companies or foreign suppliers during the YS-11's production lifetime. The twin-engined YS-11 delivered similar operational performance to the four-engined Vickers Viscount, and had 50% more capacity than the similarly configured Fokker F27 Friendship.

The first prototype made its maiden flight from Nagoya Airport on August 30, 1962, with the second prototype flying on December 28, 1962. It received its Japanese Type certificate on August 25, 1964, with American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification following on September 9, 1965.^[3]

To date, the YS-11 is the only successful commercial aircraft to have been manufactured by a Japanese firm, either before or after World War II. 182 were produced in total, of which 82 were exported to 15 countries.^[4]

Operational history

The first production YS-11 flew on October 23, 1964 and was delivered on March 30, 1965, with initial airline operations by Toa Airways beginning in April 1965.^[3] At first, deliveries were mainly to Japanese airlines, and NAMC developed the YS-11A, with higher gross weight, to make the aircraft more attractive to the North American market, and in particular to meet the requirements of Piedmont Airlines, which ordered 10 YS-11A-200s, with an option for a further 10.^[5] Orders slowed after the needs of the Japanese commuter airlines for which it had been designed were met, and this, together with growing losses, resulted in production being stopped after completion of 182 aircraft, with the last YS-11 being delivered to the Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force on May 11, 1973.^[6]

The YS-11 was slowly phased out by airlines in Japan due to new directives issued by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism requiring all commercial aircraft in Japan to be fitted with a Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). Aircraft without TCAS were forced to cease operations at the end of 2006. Since equipping a YS-11 with TCAS would have cost ¥100 million (US$1.083 million), such a refit was deemed economically unsound.^{[citation needed]} Aircraft that were still in flying condition were sold to foreign companies. On September 30, 2006, Japan Air Commuter Flight 3806 marked the final flight for a YS-11 in Japan's commercial aviation industry.^[7] In 2007, the YS-11 was added to the Mechanical Engineering Heritage of Japan No. 13.

Variants

YS-11

YS-11-100

Initial production variant. 23,500 kg (51,810 lb) gross weight. 48 built.^[5]

YS-11A-200

Increased gross weight (24,500 kg (54,010 lb) passenger airliner.^[5]

YS-11A-300

Combi version of YS-11-200, fitted with large cargo door and capable of carrying both passengers and freight.^[5]

YS-11A-400

Pure cargo version of -200, used only by Japanese defence forces.^[5]

YS-11A-500

Passenger airliner with further increased (25,000 kg (55,110 lb)) gross weight produced from 1970.^[8]

YS-11A-600

Combi version of -500.^[9]

YS-11E

Customer variants

• YS-11-101: TOA Domestic Airlines
• YS-11-102: All Nippon Airways
• YS-11-103: Japan Air Self Defense Force
• YS-11-104: Japan Civil Aviation Bureau
• YS-11-105: Japan Air Self Defense Force
• YS-11-106: Japan Domestic Airlines
• YS-11-107: Filipinas Orient Airways
• YS-11-108: Japan Domestic Airlines
• YS-11-109: Japan Domestic Airlines
• YS-11-110: Japan Civil Aviation Bureau
• YS-11-111: All Nippon Airways
• YS-11-113: Japan Maritime Self Defense Force
• YS-11-114: TOA Airways
• YS-11-115: Aeronautic College
• YS-11-116: Filipinas Orient Airways
• YS-11-117: Hawaiian Airways
• YS-11-118: Japan Civil Aviation Bureau
• YS-11-120: LANSA
• YS-11-121: Filipinas Orient Airways
• YS-11-124: Japan Domestic Airlines
• YS-11-125: Cruzeiro do Sul
• YS-11-128: Aerolineas Argentinas
• YS-11-129: TOA Airways
• YS-11A-201: NAMC
• YS-11A-202: Cruzeiro do Sul
• YS-11A-205: Piedmont Airlines
• YS-11A-206: Japan Maritime Self Defense Force
• YS-11A-207: Japam Maritine Safety Agency
• YS-11A-208: All Nippon Airways
• YS-11A-209: Southwest Air Lines
• YS-11A-211: VASP
• YS-11A-212: VASP
• YS-11A-213: All Nippon Airways
• YS-11A-214: Southwest Air Lines
• YS-11A-217: Japan Domestic Airlines
• YS-11A-218: Japan Air Self Defense Force
• YS-11A-219: China Airlines
• YS-11A-220: Olympic Airways
• YS-11A-222: TOA Airways
• YS-11A-223: All Nippon Airways
• YS-11A-227: Japan Domestic Airlines / TOA Airways
• YS-11A-301: Korean Air Lines
• YS-11A-305: Japan Air Self Defense Force
• YS-11A-306: Transair
• YS-11A-307: Japan Domestic Airlines
• YS-11A-309: Aerotransportes Litoral Argentino (later Austral)
• YS-11A-310: Korean Air Lines
• YS-11A-313: TOA Airways
• YS-11A-314: Air Afrique
• YS-11A-321: Air Gabon
• YS-11A-402: Japan Air Self Defense Force
• YS-11A-404: Japan Maritime Self Defense Force
• YS-11A-500: Piedmont Airlines
• YS-11A-523: Philippine Civil Aeronautics Administration
• YS-11A-621: Trans Gabon
• YS-11A-623: Pelita Air Service
• YS-11A-624: Japan Maritime Self Defense Force
• YS-11A-626: Reeve Aleutian Airways

Operators

An Asian Spirit YS-11 from the Philippines.

As of July 2011, Transair Cargo, Air Link International Airways, Aero JBR, Aerodan and ALCON Servicios Aereos each operate one YS-11 for a total of five aircraft in commercial service.^[10]

All Nippon Airways

YS-11 at Baguio City, Philippines

Former and present operators of the NAMC YS-11:

• Aboitiz Air
• Aerodan Cargo
• Aerolíneas Argentinas
• Aerolitoral (subsidiary of AeroMéxico)
• Aero Majestic Airways Inc.
• AeroSierra
• Air Aruba
• Air Caribbean
• Air Nippon (subsidiary of All Nippon Airways)
• All Nippon Airways
• Air Philippines
• Air Phoenix
• Air Star Zanzibar
• Midwest Air Charter/Airborne Express
• Airlink International Airways
• Aerotransportes Litoral Argentino (ALA)
• Alcon
• American Eagle (operated by Simmons Airlines)
• Asian Spirit
• Austral Líneas Aéreas (subsidiary of Aerolíneas Argentinas)
• Barker-Wayne
• BIMP - EAGA Air Alliance
• Bouraq
• China Airlines
• Continental Express (operated by Provincetown-Boston Airline, Inc.)
• Cruzeiro do Sul
• Far West
• Filipinas Orient Airways
• Fort Worth Airlines
• Gabon Express Cargo
• Gabon (Gabonese Air Force)
• Gacela
• Gambia Airways
• Geological Survey of Japan
• Global Air Cargo
• Hawaiian Airlines
• Hellenic Air Force
• Japan Air Lines
• Japan Air System (now merged into Japan Airlines)
• Japan Domestic Airlines (predecessor of Japan Air System)
• Japan Self-Defense Forces (Air and Maritime)
• Japan Civil Aeronautics Board
• Japan Coast Guard
• Japan TransOcean Air
• Korean Air
• Korean Air Cargo
• Lansa
• Litoral
• Mandala
• Mey-Air
• Merpati Nusantara Airlines
• Mid Pacific Air
• MPAC
• Nihon Kinkyori Airlines (Subsidiary of ANA - All Nippon Airways)
• Norcanair
• Olympic Airways
• Pacific Southwest Airlines - Used to train Japanese pilots. Never painted in PSA livery.
• Provincetown-Boston Airlines
• Philippine Air Force
• Philippine Airlines
• Phuket Air
• Piedmont Airlines
• Pinehurst
• Pyramid Airlines
• Reeve Aleutian Airways
• Societe Generale d'Alimentation
• Simmons Airlines
• South Phoenix Airways
• Southwest Air Lines Japan (subsidiary of Japan Airlines)
• Tauk Tours
• Toa Airways (predecessor of Toa Domestic Airlines)
• Toa Domestic Airlines (predecessor of Japan Air System)
• Trans Air
• Trans-Central Airlines
• Trygon, Ltd.
• United States Postal Service
• VASP
• Winair

Incidents

There have been over twenty hull loss accidents involving YS-11 aircraft.

• 13 November 1966, All Nippon Airways Flight 533 crashed into the sea near Matsuyama, Japan with the loss of all five crew and 45 passengers.^[11]

• 20 October 1969, All Nippon Airways Flight 104 overran the runway at Miyazaki Airport, Japan. All four crew and 49 passengers survived.^[12]

• 11 December 1969, a Korean Air flight from Gangneung to Seoul was hijacked and flown to Sǒndǒk Airfield near Wonsan.^[13] The aircraft was damaged on landing and written off.^[14] The aircraft, its crew, and passengers are still held in North Korean territory.^[15]

• 12 August 1970, China Airlines Flight 206 crashed into Yuan Mountain on approach to Taipei, Taiwan. Two crew and 12 passengers were killed.^[16]

• 1 April 1971, a Merpati Nusantara Airlines YS-11 made a wheels-up landing at Kemayoran Airport, Jakarta Indonesia while on a training flight.^[17]

• 3 July 1971, Toa Domestic Airlines Flight 533 flew into Yokotsu Mountain while on approach to Hakodate Airport, Japan. All four crew and 64 passengers were killed, the worst loss of life in an accident involving the YS-11.^[18]

• 7 November 1971, A VASP YS-11 was destroyed by fire after a candle was lit inside when the aircraft was being guarded overnight after being bogged down at Aragarças Airport, Brazil. Both guards were killed.^[19]

• 12 April 1972, a VASP flight between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro crashed 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Rio de Janeiro. All four crew and 21 passengers were killed.^[20]

• 18 October 1972, a Cruzeiro do Sul YS-11 overshot the runway at Congonhas Airport, São Paulo and was damaged beyond repair.^[21]

• 21 October 1972, an Olympic Airlines YS-11 en route from Corfu (Kerkyra) to Athens crashed into the sea in Voula, whilst attempting an approach to Ellinikon International Airport, Athens, in a heavy storm. One crew member (the co-pilot) and 36 passengers were killed, while the captain, the two stewardesses and 16 passengers survived.^[22]

• 23 October 1973, a VASP YS-11 overran the runway at Santos Dumont Airport, Rio de Janeiro after a rejected take-off and ended up in Guanabara Bay. Eight passengers were killed.^[23]

• 5 March 1974, a Pacific Southwest Airlines YS-11 crash landed in the desert 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) east of Borrego Springs, California while on a training flight. Aircraft was written off.^[24]

• 6 November 1974, a Reeve Aleutian Airways YS-11 was written off in a hangar fire at Anchorage, Alaska.^[25]

• 28 May 1975, TOA Domestic Airlines Flight 621 was damaged beyond repair in a landing accident at Osaka International Airport when a tyre burst and the aircraft departed the runway.^[26]

• 23 November 1976, an Olympic Airlines YS-11 flew into mountain Metaxas near the village of Servia in Kozani, Greece, in low clouds and almost zero visibility. All four crew and 46 passengers were killed.^[27]

• 29 April 1977, a Cruzeiro YS-11 departed the runway on landing at Ministro Victor Konder International Airport, Navegantes, Brazil.^[28]

• 17 July 1977, a Philippine Airlines YS-11 ditched on approach to Mactan-Cebu International Airport after an engine failure.^[29]

• 11 March 1983, Nihon Kinkyori Airlines Flight 497 undershot the runway at Nakashibetsu Airport, Japan.^[30]

• 13 January 1987, a Mid Pacific Air YS-11 force landed in a field at Remington, Indiana after both engines were mismanaged.^[31]

• 10 January 1988, TOA Domestic Airlines Flight 670 overran the runway at Miho-Yonago Airport, Yonago, Japan after a rejected take-off and ended up in the sea. Aircraft had not been de-iced prior to take-off.^[32]

• 15 March 1989, a Mid Pacific Air YS-11 undershot the runway at Purdue University Airport, Lafayette, Indiana due to loss of pitch control caused by icing on the tail. The aircraft was on a positionig flight, both crew members were killed.^[33]

• 6 March 1992, an Airborne Express YS-11 made a wheels-up landing at Clinton Airport, Clinton, Indiana while on a training flight due to pilot error.^[34]

• 24 June 1992, an Air Philippines YS-11 struck a ground power unit while taxying at Naga Airport, naga City. Aircraft was destroyed in the subsequent fire.^[35]

• 16 February 2000, Air Nippon Flight 354 departed the runway at Okadama Airport, Sapporo, Japan and collided with a bank of snow.^[36]

• 3 November 2001, a YS-11 being prepared for delivery to an airline in Burundi was destroyed by a fire caused by a stray firework at London Southend Airport.^[37]

• 11 September 2005, Phuket Airlines Flight 326 departed the runway at Mae Sot Airport, Thailand.^[38]

• 2 January 2008, Asian Spirit Flight 321 suffered an undercarriage collapse on landing at Masbate Airport, Philippines.^[39]

• 28 September 2009, Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force YS-11M-A serial number 9044 overran the runway upon landing at Ozuki Air Field and was substantially damaged.^[40]

Specifications (YS-11A-200)

A JAC NAMC YS-11

Data from ^[41]

General characteristics

• Crew: Two
• Capacity: 64 passengers
• Payload: 5,400 kg (11,904 lb)
• Length: 26.3 m (86 ft 3 in)
• Wingspan: 32.0 m (105 ft 0 in)
• Height: 8.99 m (29 ft 6 in)
• Wing area: 94.83 m² (1,020.4 ft²)
• Empty weight: 14,600 kg (32,187 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 23,500 kg (51,808 lb)
• Powerplant: 2 × Rolls-Royce Dart Mk.542-10K turboprop engines, 2,250 kW (3,030 shp) each

Performance

• Cruise speed: 454 km/h (245 knots, 282 mph)
• Range: 2,200 km (1,188 NM, 1,367 mi)
• Service ceiling: 6,982 m (22,900 ft)
• Rate of climb: 6.2 m/s (1,220 ft/min)

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Convair 580
• Avro 748
• An-24 / An-26
• BAe ATP
• Vickers Viscount
  

Related lists

• List of airliners
  

References

1. ^ Endres 1996, p. 22.
2. ^ Taylor 1966, p. 107.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Endres 1996, p. 23.
4. ^ Odagiri, Hiroyuki (1996). Technology and Industrial Development in Japan. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 225. ISBN 0-19-828802-6. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} Endres 1996, p. 24.
6. ^ Endres 1996, pp. 26–27.
7. ^ Farewell to the wings of YS-11 Yomiuri Online (Yomiuri Shimbun)
8. ^ Endres 1996, pp. 24, 26.
9. ^ Endres 1996, p. 26.
10. ^ Flight International 2011 World Airliner Census, p.22; retrieved 31 August 2011
11. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19661113-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
12. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19691020-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
13. ^ "KAL기피랍사건", Doosan Encyclopedia, 2010, http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=756923&contentno=756923, retrieved 2010-07-07 
14. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19691211-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
15. ^ Kim Tae Hong, "141 Days of Hell, What about 40 Years?" NK Daily (7 August 2009)[1]
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20. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19720412-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
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22. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19721021-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
23. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19731023-1. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
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29. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19770717-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
30. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19830311-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
31. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19870113-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
32. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19880110-1. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
33. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890915-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
34. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19920306-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
35. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19960624-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
36. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20000216-1. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
37. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20011103-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
38. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050911-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
39. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20080102-0. Retrieved 20 February 2009. 
40. ^ "RECENT ACCIDENTS / INCIDENTS WORLDWIDE September 2009". Jacdec. http://www.jacdec.de/news/months/09_09.htm. Retrieved 12 November 2009. 
41. ^ Green, William, The Observers Book of Aircraft, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd, 1970. ISBN 0-7232-0087-4

• Endres, Günter. "NAMC YS-11: The Japanese Commuter". Air International (July 1996): pp. 22–27. ISSN 0306-5634. 
• Taylor, John W. R. (1966). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1966–67. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company. 

External links

• YS-11 photographs by Tony Hara
• Shimizu, Kaho (27 November 2007). "Japan zeroes in on homegrown jetliner". The Japan Times. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20071127i1.html.