Chicano nationalism

This article is part of the series Chicanos and Mexican Americans
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Chicano nationalism is the ethnic nationalist ideology of Chicanos. While there were nationalistic aspects of the Chicano Movement of the 1960s and 1970s, the Movement tended to emphasize civil rights and political and social inclusion rather than nationalism. For this reason, Chicano nationalism is better described as an ideology than as a political movement.

Background

Violence and discrimination against Mexican Americans continued into the 1950s and 1960s.^[1][2] Many organizations, businesses, and homeowners associations had official policies to exclude Mexican Americans. In many areas across the Southwest, Mexican Americans lived in separate residential areas, due to laws and real estate company policies.^[3] This group of laws and policies, known as redlining, lasted until the 1950s, and fall under the concept of official segregation.^[4] In many other instances, it was more of a general social understanding that Mexicans should be excluded from White society. For instance, signs with the phrase "No Dogs or Mexicans" were posted in small businesses and public pools throughout the Southwest well into the 60's.^[5]

Some members of the Mexican American community began to question whether assimilation was possible or even desirable.^[6] At the same time, a sense of ethnic consciousness and unity was forming, especially among the youth, around the plight of the farmworkers. Mexican Americans, some of whom began calling themselves "Chicanos" as a symbol of ethnic pride, also began to uncover their history and critically analyze what they learned in public schools.^[7] With this new sense of identity and history, the early proponents of the Chicano movement began viewing themselves as a colonized people entitled to self-determination of their own.^[8] Some of them also embraced a form of nationalism that was based on their perception of the failure of the United States government to live up to the promises that it had made in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.^[9][10]

Quote

The concept of Chicano nationalism is perhaps best articulated in the 1968 Plan Espiritual de Aztlán, generally considered the manifesto of the Chicano Movement^{[citation needed]}. It states,

"El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán sets the theme that the Chicanos (La Raza de Bronze) must use their nationalism as the key or common denominator for mass mobilization and organization. Once we are committed to the idea and philosophy of El Plan de Aztlán, we can only conclude that social, economic, cultural, and political independence is the only road to total liberation from oppression, exploitation, and racism. Our struggle then must be for the control of our barrios, campos, pueblos, lands, our economy, our culture, and our political life. El Plan commits all levels of Chicano society - the barrio, the campo, the ranchero, the writer, the teacher, the worker, the professional - to La Causa."

Functions and basis

Chicano nationalism allowed Chicanos to define themselves as a group on their own terms, and was a determination on their part to mold their own destiny. It is rooted in the Aztec creation myth of Aztlán, a "northerly place". As the Aztecs are central to the conquest and history of Mexico, the use of the word took on the added dimension of the reclamation of an indigenous heritage as part of the decolonization process.

The sense of Chicano nationalism was enhanced by a geographical proximity of the United States and Mexico. Chicanos use name Aztlán in reference to territories within the boundaries of the Mexican Cession, the land that was "granted" to Spain in 1493 by Pope Alexander VI in Bull Inter caetera, then claimed by the Mexican Empire in 1821 when Spain signed the Treaty of Córdoba at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence, then claimed as "territories" (as opposed to "states", often referred to as "provinces") by 1824 Constitution, and finally ceded to the United States in 1848 as an outcome of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (although it also included Texas, which had earlier proclaimed its independence from the government in Mexico City and was independent territory.)

The commitment to a nationalist ideology allowed Chicano activists to supersede differences that threatened their unity. Mexican Americans had regional, linguistic, age, cultural, racial, and gender differences, all of which were all subsumed to a mutual dedication to the Chicano Movement.

This emphasis on cultural nationalism would persist well into the late seventies before the concept of activism ‘sin fronteras’ (without borders) and Marxist critiques of empire transformed the Chicano Left, causing them to turn their attention towards conflicts such as the Zapatista National Liberation Army’s (EZLN) revolution against neo-liberal economic doctrine in Chiapas, Mexico.^[11]

See also

• Black nationalism
• Chicano
• Chicanismo
• Chicano movement
• Chicano studies
• Ethnic nationalism
• Irish nationalism
• White nationalism

References

• Chávez, Ernesto. "Mi raza primero!" (My people first!): nationalism, identity, and insurgency in the Chicano movement in Los Angeles, 1966-1978 Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. ISBN 0-520-23018-3.

Notes

1. ^ "The lynching of persons of Mexican origin or descent in". http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-111897839.html. 
2. ^ "South by Southwest: Mexican Americans and Segregated Schooling, 1900-1950". http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/deseg/ruiz.html. 
3. ^ "Black, brown, yellow, and left ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=CzarnBhJiZUC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=history+residential+discrimination+%22mexican+americans%22&source=web&ots=E5sWzrye-1&sig=ASrRu7iGdrLIFEc6cNirTozixiU. Retrieved 2010-07-26. 
4. ^ "Black, brown, yellow, and left ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=CzarnBhJiZUC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=history+residential+discrimination+%22mexican+americans%22&source=web&ots=E5sWzrye-1&sig=ASrRu7iGdrLIFEc6cNirTozixiU#PPA54,M1. Retrieved 2010-07-26. 
5. ^ "press3b". http://www.neta.com/~1stbooks/press3b.htm. 
6. ^ Chicano Movement
7. ^ [1]^{[dead link]}
8. ^ "Youth, identity, power: the Chicano ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=7YPRSKIrUJsC&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=%22chicano+movement%22+%22colonized+people%22&source=web&ots=3JZ1OlC9lC&sig=RSKBqhAekFeM9_JwvU7MR2T00Y8. Retrieved 2010-07-26. 
9. ^ "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo". Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/rubyhatchet/guadalupe_hidalgo.html&date=2009-10-26+01:53:05. 
10. ^ "A History of Mexican Americans in California". http://www.lasculturas.com/lib/sd/blsd092200a.php. 
11. ^ Ko, Mimi (1995-03-29). "Countywide Zapatista Supporters Protest U.S. Actions". http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/22755094.html?dids=22755094:22755094&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+29%2C+1995&author=MIMI+KO&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Countywide+Zapatista+Supporters+Protest+U.S.+Actions&pqatl=google.