Die Liebe der Danae

Richard Strauss
Operas Guntram (1894) Feuersnot (1901) Salome (1905) Elektra (1909) Der Rosenkavalier (1911) Ariadne auf Naxos (1912/16) Die Frau ohne Schatten (1918) Intermezzo (1924) Die ägyptische Helena (1927) Arabella (1932) Die schweigsame Frau (1934) Friedenstag (1938) Daphne (1938) Die Liebe der Danae (1940) Capriccio (1942)
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Die Liebe der Danae (The Love of Danae) is an opera in three acts by Richard Strauss to a February 1937 German libretto by Joseph Gregor, based on an outline written in 1920, "Danae, or The Marriage of Convenience", by Hugo Hofmannsthal.^[1] Strauss worked on the score in 1937, 1938 and into 1939, although he was pre-occupied with completing Daphne, developing ideas with Gregor and finally replacing him as librettist for Capriccio, and then succumbed to illness, which caused postponement for several months into 1940. The opera was finally finished on 28 June 1940.^[2]

However, for a variety of reasons including Strauss' perception that the failure of Die Frau ohne Schatten, as he put it, was caused by having been "put on in German theatres too soon after the last war",^[3] the composer refused to allow Clemens Krauss, to whom he had guaranteed the right to conduct the first performances, to stage it until two years after the war.^[3]

The opera is an ingenious mixture of comedy and Greek mythology and the final act "contains the opera's finest music, a fact recognized by Strauss."^[4]

Performance history

Contradicting his original refusal to allow the first performance until after the war, it appears that Strauss had granted to Clemens Krauss as early as November 1942 permission to perform the opera as part of the Salzburg Festival. In a letter to the composer, Krauss states that "I shall then bring the work to its first performance in celebration of your 80th birthday" which would take place on 11 June 1944.^[5]

Arrangements were made for mid-August performances in 1944, but, following the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler, Joseph Goebbels declared "total war" and closed all theatres within the Third Reich, resulting in the work not being allowed a public staging. The Nazis did however permit a single dress rehearsal in Salzburg, conducted by Clemens Krauss on 16 August, in order that Strauss and an invited audience could hear the work performed. During an orchestral rehearsal before the private presentation, Strauss walked down to the orchestral rail in order to listen closely to the beautiful final interlude in the last act. Rudolf Hartmann, the opera's original producer, wrote of the incident:

Towards the end of the second scene (Act 3) Strauss stood up and went down to the front row of stalls. His unmistakeable head stood out in lonely silhouette against the light rising from the pit. The Viennese were playing the wonderful interlude before the last scene ('Jupiter's renunciation', Strauss once called it) with an unsurpassably beautiful sound. Quite immobile, totally oblivious to all else, he stood listening.^[6]

Hartmann went on to describe how, as the performance continued, those who witnessed the scene, (were)

profoundly moved and stirred to our depths, sensed the almost physical presence of our divinity, art...Several moments of profound silence followed after the last notes died away...Kraus spoke a few sentences outlining the significance of these last days in Salzburg. Strauss looked over the rail of the pit, raised his hands in a gesture of gratitude and spoke to the orchestra in a voice choked with tears: 'Perhaps we shall meet again in a better world'. He was unable to say any more...Silent and deeply moved, everyone present remained still as he left the auditorium.^[6]

In more recent years, the work has received only sporadic performances, mainly on account of its considerable vocal demands and the complexity of its stage directions. Nevertheless Strauss connoisseurs tend to have a special regard for the work. The eminent critic and Strauss biographer, Michael Kennedy, has written:

The treatment of the many themes and motifs is amazingly inventive, the orchestral colours glow and shine - with Greek gold and mediterranean sunlight...Die Liebe der Danae does not deserve its neglect. Its third act alone lifts it into the category of first-rank Strauss.^[7]

The first public performance, also under Krauss, was at the Salzburg Festival on 14 August 1952, after Strauss' death in 1949. It was then given at the Royal Opera House in London on 16 September 1953, under Rudolf Kempe. The first American performance was at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles on 10 April 1964. It was given as part of the 1982 and 1985 summer festival seasons by The Santa Fe Opera conducted by company founder and lifelong Strauss enthusiast John Crosby. The Semperoper in Dresden gave three performances of the opera in March 2009.^[8] ``In 2006 Renée Fleming recorded the final interlude and Danae's aria from Act III with the Orchestra of the Mariinsky Theatre conducted by Valery Gergiev for a Decca CD entitled Homage: The Age of the Diva.

Roles

Role	Voice type	Premiere cast 16 August 1944 (dress rehearsal) (Conductor: Clemens Krauss)	Public Premiere cast 14 August 1952 (Conductor: Clemens Krauss)
Jupiter	baritone	Hans Hotter	Paul Schöffler
Merkur (Mercury)	tenor	Franz Klarwein	Josef Traxel
Pollux, King of Eos	tenor	Karl Ostertag	László Szemere
Danae, his daughter	soprano	Viorica Ursuleac	Annelies Kupper
Xanthe, her servant	soprano	Irmgard Handler	Anny Felbermayer
Midas, King of Lydia	tenor	Horst Taubmann	Josef Gostic
Four Queens: Semele Europa Alkmene Leda	soprano soprano mezzo-soprano contralto	Maud Cunitz Stefania Fratnik Maria Cornelius Anka Jelacic	Dorothea Siebert Esther Réthy Georgine von Milinkovic Sieglinde Wagner
Four Kings, nephews to Pollux	2 tenors, 2 basses	Josef Trojan-Regar Walter Carnuth Georg Wieter Franz Theo Reuter	August Jaresch Erich Majkut Harald Pröglhöf Franz Bierbach
Four guards	basses
Creditors, servants and followers of Pollux and Danae, people

Synopsis

Danae, whose father King Pollux is bankrupt and beset by creditors, dreams of a wealthy husband in terms of a shower of golden rain. Royal envoys return with news that Midas, who can turn all to gold, has agreed to woo Danae, and his arrival at the harbour is announced. Danae receives a stranger who is Midas in disguise as his own servant. Strangely drawn to each other, they proceed to the harbour where the supposed King Midas (actually Jupiter in pursuit of another female conquest) greets Danae. Jupiter prepares for his marriage to Danae but, fearing discovery by his wife Juno, forces Midas to deputise for him at the ceremony. When Danae and Midas embrace, she is turned into a golden statue and Jupiter claims her as his divine bride. However her voice calls for the mortal Midas, she is returned to life, and the lovers disappear into the darkness. Jupiter announces that she will be cursed with poverty. Midas, returned to his former existence as a donkey-driver, reveals to Danae his broken pact with Jupiter, but Danae admits that it was love rather than his golden cloak that won her heart. Jupiter pays off Pollux's creditors with a shower of gold and, realising that Danae is far more than a passing amorous fancy, makes one desperate last attempt to win her back. However, she gives him a hair-clasp, her last golden possession, and the god accepts his loss with a moving farewell.

Recordings

Year	Cast: Jupiter, Merkur, Pollux, Danae	Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra	Label[9]
1952	Paul Schöffler, Josef Traxel, László Szemere, Annelies Kupper	Clemens Krauss, Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra and the Vienna State Opera Chorus (Recording of a performance from the Salzburg Festival, 14 August)	Audio CD: Melodram Cat: 37061; Orfeo Cat: C 292 923
2000	Peter Coleman-Wright, Michael Hendrick, William Lewis, Lauren Flanigan	Leon Botstein, American Symphony Orchestra and the Concert Chorale of New York (Recording of a concert performance in Avery Fisher Hall, New York, 16 January)	Audio CD: Telarc Cat: CD 80570
2003	Franz Grundheber, Robert Chafin, Paul McNamara, Manuela Uhl	Ulrich Windfuhr, Kiel Philharmonic Orchestra and the Kiel Opera Chorus (Recording of two concert performances in Kieler Schloss, Kiel, 2 and 11 April)	Audio CD: cpo Cat: 999967-2

References

Notes

1. ^ Boyden, p. 327
2. ^ Boyden, pp. 327-339
3. ^ ^{a b} Boyden, p.339
4. ^ Boyden, p. 350
5. ^ Boyden, p. 349
6. ^ ^{a b} Kennedy, 354
7. ^ Kennedy, p 356
8. ^ Operabase performance data, on operabase.com
9. ^ Recordings of Die Liebe der Danae on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk

Sources

• Boyden, Matthew, Richard Strauss, Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999 ISBN 1-55553-418-X
• Jefferson, Alan, The Life of Richard Strauss, Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles PLC, 1973 ISBN 9780715361993 ISBN 0715361996
• Kennedy, Michael Richard Strauss Man, Musician, Enigma, Cambridge, England, 1999
• Warrack, John and West, Ewan (1992), The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 782 pages, ISBN 0-19-869164-5