Caddo

Infobox Ethnic group
group=Caddo


A Caddo solar cross, a religious symbol of both the sun and fire.
poptime=circa 1500: 200,000 Dubious|date=March 2008Fact|date=February 2007
circa 1700: 8,000
circa 1990s: 3,371
popplace=USA
flagicon|Arkansas Arkansas, flagicon|Louisiana Louisiana, flagicon|Oklahoma Oklahoma, and flagicon|Texas Texas
langs=3 separate dialects of Caddo and English
rels=
related=Native American
North American natives
&nb'/,.sp;Southeast natives
Caddo
< Anadarko>
< Adai>
< Hai-ish>
< Hasinai>
< Kadohadacho>
< Nacogdoches>
< Natchitoches>
< Yatasi>
----"Sibling" groups:

Native American
North American natives
Great Plains natives
Pawnee
Southeast natives
Wichita

The Caddo are a nation, or group of tribes, of Southeastern Native Americans who, in the 16th century, inhabited much of what is now East Texas, western Louisiana and portions of southern Arkansas and Oklahoma. Today the Caddo are a cohesive tribe with their capital at Binger, Oklahoma, and the Caddoan dialects have converged into a single language. The current Chairperson of the Caddo is LaRue Parker.

This article covers the Caddo as a tribe, or nation.For other Caddoan languages see: "Caddoan languages"

History

The oral traditions of the Caddo suggest that they developed their culture in Arkansas and spread out to the south and west from there. At one time both the Wichita and Pawnee were part of the same nation as the Caddo, a fact attested to in that the Wichita and Pawnee spoke Caddoan languages. Between 500 and 800 AD the Caddo emerged as distinct and separate nation.

The Caddo were Maize farmers and enjoyed good growing conditions most of the time. However, the Pineywoods were effected by the Great Drought, from AD 1276-1299. This same drought effectively destroyed the Anasazi of the Southwest. The Caddo tribes were divided into three confederacies, which were linked by a common language; the Hasinai, Kadohadacho, and the Natchitoches. The Haisinai and Kadohadacho lived in what is now East Texas and the Natchitoches in what is now Northwestern Louisiana. The Haisinai lived in the land from Nacogdoches, Texas, which was originally a Caddo settlement, area to the Neches River. The Haisinai were given the name Tejas by Spanish Explorers, based on the Caddo word táysha?, "friend", and this later became the source of "Tejas" and later "Texas" (Bolton 2002:63-64). The Kadohadacho settled the land from the Caddo Lake area to the Red River. The Natchitoches settled around Natchitoches, Louisiana, which was originally a Caddo settlement, and in the Cane River Valley.

The Caddo first encountered Europeans in 1542 when the Hernando de Soto Expedition came through their lands. De Soto's force had a violent clash with one band of Caddo Indians, recorded by his expedition as the 'Tula', near Caddo Gap, Arkansas. This event is marked by a monument that stands in the small town today. With the arrival of missionaries from Spain and France a small pox epidemic broke out that decimated the population. The Caddo invited the European missionaries to return and upon their return a worse epidemic reduced the population to only 1,000. In 1859, the state of Texas removed the remaining Caddo from its territory to a reservation in Oklahoma and in 1874 the Caddo officially united as a distinct tribe.

Geography

The Caddo lived in the Piney Woods eco-region of the United States up to the foothills of the Ozark Mountains and often near the Caddo River. The Piney Woods is a dense forest of deciduous and conifer flora covering rolling hills, steep river valleys, and intermittent wetlands called "Bayous". Several Caddo villages were resettled, including the community of Elysian Fields, Texas, and Nacogdoches and Natchitoches both of which have kept their original names. The Caddo were progressively moved further west until they reached what is now western Oklahoma. The geography of the drier plains was quite a contrast to the lush hilly forest that were formerly their homeland. The Caddo's food varied in many types, the most common being dried corn.

Culture

"To be written along the lines of "

Institutions

The Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma is a federally recognized tribe. It is currently considering changing its official name to the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. A tribal constitution, adopted in 1938 and revised in 1976, provides for a tribal council consisting of eight members with a chairperson, based in Binger, Oklahoma. They maintain administrative centers, dance grounds, and several community centers. Several programs exist to invigorate Caddo traditions.

ee also

*Caddoan village bundle
*List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition

External links

* [http://www.caddonation-nsn.gov Official Caddo Nation of Oklahoma Website]
* [http://www.ahalenia.com/kiwat/ Kiwat Hasinay Foundation - Caddo Language for Caddo People ]
* [http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/tejas Online Exhibit on Caddo Culture]
*Sketch of a [http://texashistory.unt.edu/widgets/pager.php?object_id=meta-pth-5828&recno=415&path=meta-pth-5828.tkl Caddo Chief] from [http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-5828 "A pictorial history of Texas, from the earliest visits of European adventurers, to AD 1879"] , hosted by the [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal to Texas History] .
* [http://texashistory.unt.edu/widgets/pager.php?object_id=meta-pth-6726&recno=1195&path=/data/UNT/GLT/meta-pth-6726.tkl Treaty between the Republic of Texas and the Caddo and other Indian tribes, 1844] from [http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-6726 Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. II.] hosted by the [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal to Texas History] .
* [http://tides.sfasu.edu/NA18/A51F1B1a.php?culture=4&chrono=5&index=0 Peace Treaty with the Caddo and other Native American Tribes, September 14, 1837] from [http://tides.sfasu.edu/ Texas Tides]
* [http://tides.sfasu.edu/NA18/A50B1F2a.php?culture=4&chrono=5&index=0 Arms to the Caddo, February 22, 1839] from [http://tides.sfasu.edu/ Texas Tides]
* [http://tides.sfasu.edu/NA18/SMM57_89.php?culture=4&chrono=5&index=0 Caddo Tomahawk, 1800s] from [http://tides.sfasu.edu/ Texas Tides]
* [http://tides.sfasu.edu/AN19/A12837Fb.php?culture=4&chrono=6&index=0 Drawing of Caddo pot, 1900] from [http://tides.sfasu.edu/ Texas Tides]

References

Bolton, Herbert Eugene, edited and introduced by Russell Magnaghi. "The Hasinais: Southern Caddoans as seen by the Earliest Europeans". Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press, 2002. 194 p. ISBN 058517038X

Great Drought. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243212/Great-Drought