- Table of keyboard shortcuts
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In computing, a keyboard shortcut is a sequence or combination of keystrokes on a computer keyboard which invokes commands in software.
Some keyboard shortcuts require the user to press a single key or a sequence of keys one after the other. Other keyboard shortcuts require pressing and holding several keys simultaneously. Keyboard shortcuts may depend on the keyboard layout (localisation).
Contents
Comparison of keyboard shortcuts
Main article: Keyboard shortcutKeyboard shortcuts are a common aspect of most modern operating systems and associated software applications. Their use is pervasive enough that some users consider them an essential element of their routine interactions with a computer. Whether used as a matter of personal preference or for Adaptive technology, the pervasiveness of common conventions enables the comparison of keyboard shortcuts across different systems. The following sections detail some of these comparisons in widely used operating systems.
General shortcuts
Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs Activate current application's Menu bar Alt With full keyboard access active:[1][2] Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards)
Meta+` File menu Alt+F Ctrl+F2, then F Alt+F Meta+`, then f Edit menu Alt+E Ctrl+F2, then E Alt+E Meta+`, then e View menu Alt+V Ctrl+F2, then V Alt+V Undo the last operation Ctrl+Z ⌘ Cmd+Z Ctrl+Z Ctrl+x, then u or Ctrl+/ or Ctrl+_ or Undo
Redo the last operation Ctrl+Y ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Z ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Z Same as undo, when undo is exhausted, it redoes. Move the cursor after one or more undos, and further undos will be redos. Cut the selected area and store it in the clipboard Ctrl+X or ⇧ Shift+Del ⌘ Cmd+X Ctrl+X Ctrl+w Copy the selected area into the clipboard Ctrl+C, or Ctrl+Ins ⌘ Cmd+C Ctrl+C Meta+w, or Ctrl+Ins Paste contents of clipboard at cursor Ctrl+V, or ⇧ Shift+Ins ⌘ Cmd+V Ctrl+V Ctrl+y, or ⇧ Shift+Ins, or Paste special Ctrl+Alt+V Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V Meta+y Select everything in focused control or window Ctrl+A ⌘ Cmd+A Ctrl+A Ctrl+x, then h Toggle among installed keyboard languages ⇧ Shift+Alt ⌘ Cmd+Space Configure desired keypress in Keyboard and Mouse Preferences, Keyboard Shortcuts, Select the next source in Input menu.[3]
Ctrl+Alt+K via KDE Keyboard Layout Switcher keybinding component for KDE Ctrl+\ Action Windows Run new application ⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+R, enter executable nameOpen new browser window with same page as current Alt+( D then ↵ Enter ) Make new folder Ctrl+⇧ Shift+( N Applications menu ⊞ Win or
Ctrl+EscLock desktop ⊞ Win+L Show desktop ⊞ Win+D or
⊞ Win+M (then use ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M to bring back all windows)Switch active user ⊞ Win+L[4] Task manager Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc, Ctrl+Alt+Delete[5] Rename object F2 Open file or program ↵ Enter Switch to next/previous focused window Alt+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ⇆
Switch focus to the next/previous window (without dialog) Alt+Esc / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc
Open the Run dialog box ⊞ Win+R Open the Search dialog box ⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+FChange input orientation of "Search programs and files" field in Start Menu Ctrl+L (left) Ctrl+R (right) Ctrl+E (center) Power management
Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Place computer into sleep/standby mode Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable in Power Options dialog) ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject[2] Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable) Shutdown computer Ctrl+⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject (no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)
Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageDown (KDE; no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)
Restart computer Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Eject[2] (no confirmation, restart is immediate)
Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageUp (KDE; no confirmation, restart is immediate)
Place display in sleep mode Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject Bring up power/sleep dialog box Alt+F4 (while on Desktop only) Ctrl+Eject Screenshots
Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Save screenshot of entire screen as file ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3 Print Screen Copy screenshot of entire screen to clipboard Print Screen or Ctrl+Print Screen Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3 Save screenshot of window as file ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space Alt+Print Screen (GNOME) Copy screenshot of window to clipboard Alt+Print Screen Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space Copy screenshot of arbitrary area to clipboard Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 Save screenshot of arbitrary area as file ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 Text editing
Many of these commands may be combined with ⇧ Shift to select a region of text.[6]
Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs Delete char to the right of cursor Del Del or Fn+← Backspace Del Del, or Ctrl+d Delete word to the right of cursor Ctrl+Del ⌥ Opt+Del or
⌥ Opt+ Fn+← BackspaceCtrl+Del Meta+d Delete word to the left of cursor Ctrl+← Backspace ⌥ Opt+← Backspace Ctrl+← Backspace Ctrl+← Backspace, or Meta+← Backspace Go to start of line Home ⌘ Cmd+← or Ctrl+A Home Ctrl+a, or Home Go to end of line End ⌘ Cmd+→ or Ctrl+E End Ctrl+e, or End Go to start of document Ctrl + Home ⌘ Cmd+↑ Ctrl + Home Meta+<, or Ctrl+Home Go to end of document Ctrl + End ⌘ Cmd+↓ Ctrl + End Meta+>, or Ctrl+End Go to previous word Ctrl+← ⌥ Opt+← Ctrl+← Meta+b, or Ctrl+←, or Meta+← Go to next word Ctrl+→ ⌥ Opt+→ Ctrl+→ Meta+f, or Ctrl+→, or Meta+→ Go to previous line ↑ ↑ ↑ Ctrl+p, or ↑ Go to next line ↓ ↓ ↓ Ctrl+n, or ↓ Go to previous line break (paragraph) Ctrl+↑ ⌥ Opt+↑ Ctrl+↑ (kword or GNOME) Meta+'{', or Control+↑ Go to next line break Ctrl+↓ ⌥ Opt+↓ Ctrl+↓ (kword or GNOME) Meta+'}', or Control+↓ Go to find Ctrl+F ⌘ Cmd+F ⌘ Cmd+E (Search with current selection)
Ctrl+F Ctrl+K (GNOME; interactive search)
Ctrl+s Go to next search result F3 ⌘ Cmd+G Ctrl+G (GNOME) Ctrl+s Go to previous search result ⇧ Shift+F3 ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+G (GNOME) Ctrl+r Search and replace Ctrl+H ⌘ Cmd+F Ctrl+H (GNOME) Meta+% Search a regular expression Ctrl+Meta+s Search and replace a regular expression Ctrl+Meta+%, Text formatting
Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs Make selected text bold/regular Ctrl+B ⌘ Cmd+B Ctrl+B Toggle underlining of selected text Ctrl+U ⌘ Cmd+U Ctrl+U Make selected text italic/regular Ctrl+I ⌘ Cmd+I Ctrl+I Change to upper/lower case ⇧ Shift+F3 (Office products only?) ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+C Meta+u for upper, Meta+l for lower, Meta+c for capitalized.
Make selected text superscript Ctrl+⇧ Shift++ Ctrl+⌘ Cmd++ (Pages only?) Make selected text subscript Ctrl++ Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+- (Pages only?) Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Go to Browser Alt+D or Alt+C
according language
⌘ Cmd+L Go to the previous location in history Alt+← or ← Backspace ⌘ Cmd+[ or ⌘ Cmd+← Alt+← Go to the next location in history Alt+→ or ⇧ Shift+← Backspace (web browser only) ⌘ Cmd+] or ⌘ Cmd+→ Alt+→ Go up one level in the navigation hierarchy Alt+↑(Vista and 7 only) or ← Backspace(Windows Explorer) ⌘ Cmd+↑ Alt+↑ Go to the starting page defined by the user or application Alt+Home ⌘ Cmd+Home Ctrl+Home (KDE) / Alt+Home (GNOME)
Web browsers
Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs-w3m Bookmarks menu Ctrl+B ⌘ Cmd+B (Firefox) Alt+B v URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .com) Ctrl+↵ Enter ⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter (Firefox) or
Control+↵ Enter (Chrome)
Ctrl+↵ Enter URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .org) Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter (Firefox) Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .net) ⇧ Shift +↵ Enter ⇧ Shift +↵ Enter (Firefox) ⇧ Shift +↵ Enter Add bookmark for current page Ctrl+D ⌘ Cmd+D Ctrl+B / Ctrl+D
a Add bookmark for current link Meta+a Manage bookmarks Ctrl+B ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+B (Chrome/Safari) or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+B (Firefox)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R / Ctrl+B
Web search Ctrl+E ⌘ Cmd+E (Opera) or
Focus and select address bar Ctrl+L or F6 or Alt+D ⌘ Cmd+L Ctrl+L or F6 g Refresh a webpage F5 or Ctrl+R ⌘ Cmd+R F5 or Ctrl+R R Open a new window Ctrl+N ⌘ Cmd+N (Chrome) Ctrl+N Zoom Options (zoom in +, zoom out -, zoom 100%) Ctrl++ and Ctrl+- and Ctrl+0 ⌘ Cmd++ and ⌘ Cmd+- and ⌘ Cmd+0 Ctrl++ and Ctrl+- and Ctrl+0 Tab management
Action Windows Mac OS KDE / GNOME Emacs-w3m Create a new tab Ctrl+T ⌘ Cmd+T Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T or Ctrl+T Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+t Close current tab Ctrl+W ⌘ Cmd+W Ctrl+W or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W[verification needed] or Ctrl+F4 (GNOME?) Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+w Close all tabs but the current one Ctrl+c, then Meta+w Go to next tab Ctrl+Tab ⇆ ⌘ Cmd+} or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+→ (Safari) Ctrl+PageDown or Ctrl+Tab ⇆ or Ctrl+. Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+n Go to previous tab Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ ⌘ Cmd+{ or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+← (Safari) Ctrl+PageUp or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ or Ctrl+, Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+p Open a previously closed tab Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox/Opera/Chrome) Window management
Action Windows Mac OS KDE GNOME Emacs Pop up window menu Alt+Space Alt+F3 Alt+Space Ctrl+`, then b Close the focused window Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 or Ctrl + W or Alt+Space then C[7] ⌘ Cmd+W Alt+F4 Alt+F4 Ctrl+x, then k Restore the focused window to its previous size Alt+Space then R[7] Alt+F5 Ctrl+x, then r, then j, then letter of the window state register. Move the focused window Alt+Space then M[7] then Arrow Keys Alt+Mouse / Alt+F3 then M then Arrow Keys
Alt+Mouse / Alt+F7 then Arrow Keys
Resize the focused window Alt+Space then S[7] then Arrow Keys Alt+F3 then S then Arrow Keys Alt+F8 then Arrow Keys Ctrl+x, then ^ vertically Hide the focused window ⌘ Cmd+H Meta+x, then bury-buffer RET, then Ret Minimize the focused window Alt+Space then N[7], or ⊞ Win+↓ (Windows 7 and Vista Home Premium) ⌘ Cmd+M Alt+F3 then N Alt+F9 Meta+x, then bury-buffer RET, then Ret Maximize the focused window Alt+Space then X[7], or ⊞ Win+↑ (Windows 7 only) Alt+F3 then X Alt+F10 Ctrl+x, then 1 Maximize horizontally Available, but no default Available, but no default Maximize vertically ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↑ (Windows 7 only) Available, but no default Available, but no default Minimize all ⊞ Win+M or ⊞ Win+D ⌘ Cmd+Alt+M Available, but no default Ctrl+Alt+D Minimize all non focused windows ⊞ Win+Home (Windows 7 only) Available, but no default Undo minimize all ⇧ Shift+⊞ Win+M Available, but no default Ctrl+Alt+D Switch fullscreen/normal size F11 F11 F11 Show the window in full screen mode, with no border, menubar, toolbar or statusbar Depends on application Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F Ctrl+F11 Rollup/down window Available, but no default Alt+F12 Show all open windows F9 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]
Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b Show all windows of current application F10 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]
Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b Show all workspaces F8 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]
Move window to left/right/up/down workspace ⊞ Win+←/→ (Windows 7 only) Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+ ← / → / ↑ / ↓
Move window to workspace n Available, but no default Switch to next/previous workspace list 'Available, but no default Go to workspace n Ctrl+n Ctrl+Fn Go to left/right/up/down workspace [10] Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ / Ctrl+↑ / Ctrl+↓ (OS X 10.5 or later)
Ctrl+Alt+← / → / ↑ / ↓
Show / hide desktop ⊞ Win+D F11 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]
Ctrl+Alt+D Ctrl+Alt+D user specific, no default Activate window demanding attention Quit application of current window Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 varies[11] ⌘ Cmd+Q[12] Ctrl+Alt+Esc q Close dialog Esc Esc Open/Focus (preview) pinned program on the taskbar ⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows 7 Taskbar (Windows 7 only) Open new program window of pinned program in Quick Launch ⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Quick Launch toolbar (Windows Vista and 7) Open new program window of the pinned program on the taskbar (if program is already opened) ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows 7 Taskbar (Windows 7 only) Focus the first taskbar entry. Pressing again will cycle through them ⊞ Win+T , you can ←→ back and forth. Hold ⇧ Shift to cycle backwards (Windows 7 only) Peek at the desktop ⊞ Win+Space (Windows 7 only) F11 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[8][9]
Bring gadgets to the front of the Z-order and cycle between gadgets ⊞ Win+G (Windows Vista,7) or ⊞ Win+Space (Vista only, no cycling) External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc.) ⊞ Win+P (Windows 7 only) Action Windows Mac OS KDE GNOME Moves keyboard focus to next/previous control Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ Ctrl+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Tab ⇆
Pop up tooltip for currently focused control ⇧ Shift+F1 Ctrl+F1 Show context-sensitive help for currently focused window or control ⇧ Shift+F1 ⌘ Cmd+? ⇧ Shift+F1 ⇧ Shift+F1 Give focus to next/previous pane Ctrl+F6 / Alt+F6 ⌘ Cmd+` F6 / ⇧ Shift+F6 Give focus to splitter bar in paned window F8 Give focus to window's menu bar F10 or Alt Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards)
Alt F10 Pop up contextual menu for currently selected objects (aka context menu) ⇧ Shift+F10 or ≣ Menu Varies with laptop / extended keyboard type; enable Mouse keys in Universal Access, then Function+Ctrl+5 or Ctrl+5 (numeric keypad) or Function+Ctrl+i (laptop) ≣ Menu ⇧ Shift+F10 Toggle selected state of focused checkbox, radio button, or toggle button Space Space Space Space Activate focused button, menu item etc. ↵ Enter Space (also ↵ Enter for menu items) ↵ Enter ↵ Enter Select/move to first/last item in selected widget Home / End Home / End Scroll selected view by one page up/left/down/right ⇞ / ⇟ (or Fn+↑}+Fn+↓ on some keyboards)
PageUp / Ctrl+PageUp /
PageDown / Ctrl+PageDownScroll selected view to top/bottom ↖ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↖ ↘ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↘
Switch focus to the next/previous tab within a window Ctrl+Tab ⇆ Ctrl+Tab ⇆ / ⌘ Cmd+`
Switch focus to the next/previous panel on the desktop Ctrl+Alt+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Tab ⇆ Switch focus to the next/previous panel (without dialog) Ctrl+Alt+Esc / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Esc
Command line shortcuts
Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used in a command line environment.
Action Microsoft Windows
(cmd.exe)Microsoft Windows
(Windows PowerShell)Unix/Linux/Mac OS X
(bash)Unix/Linux/Mac OS X
(POSIX shell)Scroll through History of typed commands ↑/↓ ↑/↓ ↑/↓ or Ctrl+P/Ctrl+N ESC K/ESC J Signal end-of-file Ctrl+Z Ctrl+D Abort current command/typing Ctrl+C Ctrl+C Ctrl+C Ctrl+C Erase word to the left Ctrl+W Erase word to the right Alt+D Erase line to the left Ctrl+Home Ctrl+U Erase line to the right Ctrl+End Ctrl+End Ctrl+K Yank/paste previously erased string Ctrl+Y Move one word to the left (backward) Ctrl+← Ctrl+← Alt+B Move one word to the right (forward) Ctrl+→ Ctrl+→ Alt+F Move to beginning of line Home Home Ctrl+A Move to end of line End End Ctrl+E Reverse search of history F7 F8 Ctrl+R Stop execution of the current job Ctrl+Z Insert the next character typed verbatim Ctrl+V Autocomplete command/file name Tab ⇆ (enabled by default in Windows XP and later) Tab ⇆ Tab ⇆ (usually once) Esc (usually twice) Scroll window up ⇧ Shift+PageUp (may not work in some versions of Windows XP) ⇧ Shift+PageUp Scroll window down ⇧ Shift+PageDown (may not work in some versions of Windows XP) ⇧ Shift+PageDown Accessibility
In Windows, it is possible to disable these shortcuts using the Accessibility or Ease of Access control panel.
Action Windows Mac OS KDE GNOME Utility Manager ⊞ Win+U Use keyboard to control cursor (Left Alt+Left Shift+Numlock Allow user to press shortcuts one key at a time (⇧ Shift 5 times) Hear beep when -lock key pressed (Numlock for 5 seconds) Stop/slow repeating characters when key is pressed (Right Shift for 8 seconds) Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode Left Alt+Left Shift+PrtScn ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Ctrl+8 User interface shortcuts
Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used to select a User interface (UI).
Action Microsoft Windows Linux
X11OS X CLI Ctrl+Alt+F1 to Ctrl+Alt+F6 GUI Usually Ctrl+Alt+F7 or Ctrl+Alt+F8 GPU enhanced GUI See also
- Common User Access
- Computer keyboard
- Human interface guidelines
- Keyboard shortcut
- Pointing device gesture
Notes
- ^ "Mac OS X: How to use the keyboard to perform actions". Article: HT2840. Apple Inc.. 2008-08-19. http://support.apple.com/kb/HT2840. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
- ^ a b c "Mac OS X keyboard shortcuts". Article: HT1343. Apple Inc.. 2010-10-29. http://support.apple.com/kb/ht1343. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
- ^ "Mac 101: Set your preferences". Article: HT2490. Apple Inc.. 2010-10-22. http://support.apple.com/kb/HT2490#l4. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
- ^ Takes you to the "Switch User" screen when Fast User Switching has been enabled (enabled by default in XP).
- ^ Shows task manager in Windows XP if the welcome screen is enabled. Otherwise displays an NT-style menu, with the option of launching the task manager; likewise for Vista.
- ^ For the concept of "selected text" see also X Window selection
- ^ a b c d e f In Microsoft Windows, all shortcuts with Alt+Space followed by another key are language dependant. The Alt+Space combination opens the window menu, and the following key selects from the menu. As the menu labels (and their underlined hotkeys) vary with the Windows system language, the hotkeys are different for international versions of Microsoft Windows, and may change if users change their Windows system language preference. The given examples are valid for English user preferences/version of Windows.
- ^ a b c d e "Mac OS X 10.6 Help: Using a screen saver". Docs.info.apple.com. http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?path=Mac/10.6/en/9045.html. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- ^ a b c d e "Mac OS X 10.4 Help: Setting a hot corner for Dashboard". Docs.info.apple.com. http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?path=Mac/10.4/en/mh2194.html. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- ^ The WinSplit window manager application for Windows knows to emulate this behaviour.
- ^ There is no single consistent shortcut for closing a document or quitting an application in Windows XP. In many multiple document interface applications, Ctrl+W or Ctrl+F4 closes a document and Alt+F4 quits. In other applications where each document is in its own window, such as later versions of Microsoft Word, Ctrl+W, Ctrl+F4, and Alt+F4 close a document, and there is no consistent shortcut for quitting an application.
- ^ Mac OS uses ⌘ Cmd+W Close (window), ⌘ Cmd+Q Quit (application) and ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Esc Force Quit (application). Quit is closest to Kill.
External links
- Large database of keyboard shortcuts (search by application, software category, operating system)
- Keyboard Shortcuts Online Database
- Microsoft Support, Keyboard Shortcuts for Windows
- Mac OS X keyboard shortcuts
- Large collection of Mac keyboard shortcuts in one Mac App (Link to the Mac App Store)
- An Extensive List of Mac keyboard shortcuts
- Browser Keyboard Shortcuts (Table)
- Firefox browser shortcuts
- Firefox browser keyboard assignment map
- Compilation of popular Windows shortcuts
Categories:- User interface techniques
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