Puerto Soledad

Puerto Soledad ("Puerto de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad", _en. Port Solitude) was a Spanish military outpost and penal colony on the Falkland Islands, situated at an inner cove of Berkeley Sound ( _fr. Baie AccaronDom Pernety, Antoine-Joseph. "Journal historique d'un voyage fait aux Iles Malouïnes en 1763 et 1764 pour les reconnoître et y former un établissement; et de deux Voyages au Détroit de Magellan, avec une Rélation sur les Patagons." Berlin: Etienne de Bourdeaux, 1769. 2 volumes, 704 pp. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k82173k.pdf Online vol. 1] & [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k821758.pdf vol. 2] ] , _es. Bahía Anunciación).The settlement was established as a French colony under the name "Port Saint Louis" in 1764, and within a year reached a population of 75 (most of them Acadians), with 3 marriages and 2 births recorded — apparently the first ever in the islands' history. After three years of French possession the settlement was ceded to Spain, and all the French settlers left to be replaced by Spaniards. Acting on personal instructions by King Carlos III, the Spanish Government reimbursed the founder of Port St. Louis, Louis Antoine de Bougainville 618,108 French livres.

Bougainville himself sailed to Port Saint Louis onboard the "Boudeuse", accompanied by the Spanish ships "Esmeralda" and "Liebre" to hand the settlement over to Felipe Ruíz Puente, the first Spanish governor (1767-73) of Puerto Soledad as the settlement would become known. The ceremony took place on April 1, 1767, and from Puerto Soledad Bougainville set sail to make the first French circumnavigation of the world.Robson, John. [http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~boug2.html A short biography of Louis-Antoine de Bougainville.] ] Puerto Soledad had 103 residents in 1781: the governor, 2 priests, a treasury official, 3 officers, one surgeon, 50 soldiers, 43 convicts, one mason, and one baker. They occupied some 20 buildings including dwellings, barracks for officers, seamen, convicts and troops, chapel, hospital, kiln, blacksmith and carpenter shops etc. Eventually the number of buildings increased to 30-odd in 1811, with the population dropping to 46. The settlement was protected by three batteries: "San Carlos" (later renamed "San Marcos"), "Santiago", and "San Felipe" Batteries. Supply ships came from Montevideo to Puerto Soledad on an annual basis during the summer, bringing relief and supplies. That supply line was temporarily severed during the war waged by Spain against Britain in 1805-08, and the British occupation of Montevideo in 1807, causing considerable hardship to the Puerto Soledad residents.Destéfani, Laurio H. "The Malvinas, the South Georgias and the South Sandwich Islands, the conflict with Britain", Buenos Aires: Edipress, 1982.] [ [http://www.falklands.info/history/history2.html A Brief History of the Falkland Islands. Part 2 - Fort St. Louis and Port Egmont.] Falkland Islands Information Portal.] An indispensable source of subsistence for the small colony — as well as for the numerous English and American sealers operating on the islands — was the wild cattle introduced by the French in 1764, with more cattle brought later from Montevideo by the Spaniards. There were 2,180 heads of cattle and 166 horses in 1778. On festive occasions the Spaniards even had their favourite "corridas de toro", such as during the three-day event organized by governor Ramón Clairac y Villalonga (1787-88, 89-90) to celebrate King Carlos IV's accession to the throne when, along with allegiance formally sweared to the new monarch comedies were performed, and twelve bulls were fought. [Darwin, Charles. "The Voyage of the Beagle", [http://www.literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/the-voyage-of-the-beagle/chapter-09.html Chapter 9 - Santa Cruz, Patagonia, and the Falkland Islands] ] ]

Spain governed Puerto Soledad through its colonial administration in Buenos Aires. During its 44 years of existence the settlement had 21 governors ( _es. gobernador y comandante marítimo) serving a total of 31 terms, mainly Spaniards excepting two South American criollos: Jacinto de Antolaguirre (1781-83) born in Buenos Aires, and Francisco Javier de Viana y Alzaibár (1798-99, 1800-01) born in Montevideo. The governors were mainly naval officers with the exception of one drawn from the army. ] Following a decision by Viceroy Francisco Javier Elío, on February 13, 1811 all the troops and settlers of Puerto Soledad were evacuated onboard the brigantine "Galvez" to Montevideo in order to fight his Buenos Airean adversaries. A lead plaque was left at the chapel of Puerto Soledad pleading possession of the island and the settlement for King Fernando VII of Spain. [Lorenz, Federico Guillermo. [http://www.me.gov.ar/pasadoyfuturo/doc/malvinas_20anios_teh_lorenz.rtf Malvinas, veinte años después] . "Todo es Historia", No. 417, April 2002, pp. 6-15.]

During the subsequent 17 years the settlement, while frequented by sealers, had remained largely derelict, until Louis Vernet brought some settlers under the authority of Buenos Aires Province in 1828. Vernet, aware of British claims to the Falklands, had also sought permission for his expedition from the British consulate. That new settlement existed under the name Puerto Luis until 1833 when it was renamed first "Anson's Harbour" and eventually Port Louis by the British. It remained the sole settlement and administrative centre of the islands until the capital was moved to the newly established Stanley in 1845. After this, following a 17-year eventful and occasionally turbulent existence the settlement declined in importance, eventually becoming a sheep farm. [ [http://www.falklands.info/history/history4.html A Brief History of the Falkland Islands. Part 4 - The British Colonial Era.] Falkland Islands Information Portal.] [Lasserre, Augusto. Descripción de un viaje a las Malvinas. "El Río de la Plata" Newspaper, Buenos Aires, 19 November-21 November 1869.]

ee also

* Port Louis
* Port Egmont
* History of the Falkland Islands
* Louis Antoine de Bougainville

References