Minced oath

Minced oath

A minced oath is an expression based on a profanity or a taboo term that has been altered to reduce the objectionable characteristics.

Many languages have such expressions. In the English language, nearly all profanities have minced variants.[1]

Examples include darn or dang instead of damn; shoot or shucks instead of shit; heck instead of hell; flipping, freaking, fluffing, frigging, effing, fricking, farging, frakking, fecking, or funking/phunking instead of fucking; beotch, beach or beech for bitch;goodness, golly, gosh, or gad instead of God; gee, geez, geeze, or jeez instead of Jesus; and crikey or cripes instead of Christ. Profanity-containing or otherwise objectionable phrases may also be minced: Criminy or crimony is an alteration of Christ's money, the thirty pieces of silver in exchange for which Judas betrayed Jesus; gadzooks literally means God's hooks and refers to Jesus being nailed to the cross; and zounds is an alteration of God's wounds, the injuries that Jesus suffered while being crucified.[2]

Contents

Formation

The most common methods of forming a minced oath are rhyme and alliteration. Thus the word bloody can become blooming, or ruddy.[1] Alliterative minced oaths such as darn for damn allow a speaker to begin to say the prohibited word and then change to a more acceptable expression.[3] In rhyming slang, rhyming euphemisms are often truncated so that the rhyme is eliminated: prick became Hampton Wick and then simply Hampton. Another well-known example is "cunt" rhyming with "Berkeley Hunt", which was subsequently abbreviated to "berk". Alliteration can be combined with metrical equivalence, as in the pseudo-blasphemous "Judas Priest," substituted for the blasphemous use of "Jesus Christ".[4]

Minced oaths can also be formed by shortening: e.g., b for bloody or f for fuck.[1] Sometimes words borrowed from other languages become minced oaths; for example, poppycock comes from the Low Dutch pappe kak, meaning "soft dung".[5] The minced oath blank is an ironic reference to the dashes that are sometimes used to replace profanities in print.[6] It goes back at least to 1854, when Cuthbert Bede wrote "I wouldn't give a blank for such a blank blank. I'm blank, if he doesn't look as if he'd swallowed a blank codfish." By the 1880s, it had given rise to the derived forms blanked and blankety.[7] In the same way, bleep arose from the use of a tone to mask profanities on radio.[6]

History

The Cretan king Rhadamanthus is said to have forbidden his subjects to swear by the gods, suggesting that they swear instead by the ram, the goose or the plane tree. Socrates favored the "Rhadamanthine" oath "by the dog," with "the dog" often interpreted as referring to the bright "Dog Star," i.e., Sirius. Aristophanes mentions that people used to swear by birds instead of by the gods, adding that the soothsayer Lampon still swears by the goose "whenever he's going to cheat you".[8] Since no god was called upon, Lampon may have considered this oath safe to break.[9]

The use of minced oaths in English dates back at least to the 14th century, when "gog" and "kokk", both euphemisms for God, were in use. Other early minced oaths include "Gis" or "Jis" for Jesus (1528).[10]

Late Elizabethan drama contains a profusion of minced oaths, probably due to Puritan opposition to swearing. Seven new minced oaths are first recorded between 1598 and 1602, including 'sblood for By God's blood from Shakespeare, 'slight for God's light from Ben Jonson, and 'snails for By God's nails from the historian John Hayward. Swearing on stage was officially banned by the Act to Restraine Abuses of Players in 1606, and a general ban on swearing followed in 1623. In some cases the original meanings of these minced oaths were forgotten; 'struth (By God's truth) came to be spelled strewth and zounds changed pronunciation so that it no longer sounded like By God's wounds.[11] Other examples from this period include 'slid for "By God's eyelid" (1598) and 'sfoot for "By God's foot" (1602). Gadzooks for "By God's hooks" (the nails on Christ's cross) followed in the 1650s, egad for oh God in the late 17th century,[12] and ods bodikins for "By God's bodkins [i.e. nail]s" in 1709.[13]

Acceptability

Although minced oaths are not as strong as the expressions from which they derive, some still find them offensive. One writer in 1550 considered "idle oaths" like "by cocke" (by God), "by the cross of the mouse foot", and "by Saint Chicken" to be "most abominable blasphemy".[14] The minced oaths "'sblood" and "zounds" were omitted from the Folio edition of Shakespeare's play Othello, probably due to Puritan-influenced censorship.[15] In 1941 a U.S. federal judge threatened a lawyer with contempt of court for using the word "darn".[16] Zounds may sound amusing and archaic to the modern ear,[17] yet as late as 1984 the columnist James J. Kilpatrick recalled that "some years ago", after using it in print, he had received complaints that it was blasphemous because of its origin as "God's wounds".[18] (He had written an article entitled "Zounds! Is Reagan mad" in the Herald-Journal for 12 June 1973,[19] and also used "zounds" on 11 June 1970.[20])

Literature and censorship

It is common to find minced oaths in literature. Writers sometimes face the problem of portraying characters who swear, and often include minced oaths instead of profanity in their writing so that they will not offend audiences or incur censorship. Somerset Maugham referred to this problem in his 1919 novel The Moon and Sixpence, where he admitted:

Strickland, according to Captain Nichols, did not use exactly the words I have given, but since this book is meant for family reading, I thought it better — at the expense of truth — to put into his mouth language familiar to the domestic circle.[21]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c Hughes, 12.
  2. ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/zounds
  3. ^ Hughes, 7.
  4. ^ What does "Judas Priest" mean? (10 May 1996)
  5. ^ Hughes, 16-17.
  6. ^ a b Hughes, 18-19.
  7. ^ prep. by J. A. Simpson ... (1994). Oxford English Dictionary. 1 (2 ed.). Oxford Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8. http://www.oed.com/.  definition 12b for blank
  8. ^ Echols, Edward C. (1951). "The Art of Classical Swearing". The Classical Journal 46 (6): 291–298. JSTOR 3292805. 
  9. ^ Dillon, Matthew (1995). "By Gods, Tongues, and Dogs: The Use of Oaths in Aristophanic Comedy". Greece & Rome, 2nd Ser. 42 (2): 135–151. JSTOR 643226. 
  10. ^ Hughes, 13-15.
  11. ^ Hughes, 103-105.
  12. ^ Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
  13. ^ Hughes, 13.
  14. ^ Lund, J.M. (2002). "The Ordeal of Zeal-of-the-Land Busy: The Conflict Over Profane Swearing and the Puritan Culture of Discipline". Journal of American & Comparative Cultures 25 (3/4): 260–269. 
  15. ^ Kermode, Frank (2001). Shakespeare's Language. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 166. ISBN 0-374-52774-1. 
  16. ^ Montagu, Ashely (2001). The Anatomy of Swearing. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 298. ISBN 0-812-21764-0. 
  17. ^ Leland, Christopher T. (2002). Creative Writer's Style Guide: Rules and Advice for Writing Fiction and Creative Nonfiction. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. pp. 207. ISBN 1-884-91055-6. 
  18. ^ Kilpatrick, James J. (1984). The Writer's Art. Fairway, Kansas: Andrews McNeel Publishing. pp. 83. ISBN 0-836-27925-5. 
  19. ^ Herald-Journal: "Zounds! Is Reagan mad", 12 June 1973
  20. ^ Herald-Journal: "Zounds! 5 cents a bottle, 11 June 1970
  21. ^ Somerset Maugham, The Moon and Sixpence, ch. 47; quoted in Hughes, 187.

References


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать курсовую

Look at other dictionaries:

  • minced oath — noun A type of euphemism based on a profanity that has been altered to reduce or remove the disagreeable or objectionable characteristics of the original expression …   Wiktionary

  • Minced oaths in literature — It is common to find minced oaths in literature. Writers often include minced oaths instead of profanity in their writing so that they won t offend audiences or incur censorship. Contents 1 Novels 2 Comic books 3 Film 4 …   Wikipedia

  • Spanish profanity — Joder redirects here. For the community in Nebraska, see Joder, Nebraska. This article is a summary of Spanish profanity, referred to in the Spanish language as lenguaje soez (low language), maldiciones (curse words), malas palabras (bad words),… …   Wikipedia

  • Bloody — is the adjectival form of blood but may also be used as an expletive attributive (intensifier) in Australia, Britain, Ireland, Canada, South East Asia, New Zealand, and Sri Lanka. Nowadays it is considered (by most of the population of these… …   Wikipedia

  • Euphemism — A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener, [ [http://www.merriam webster.com/dictionary/Euphemism Euphemism] Webster s Online… …   Wikipedia

  • List of Puerto Rican slang words and phrases — This is a list of phrases, words, and slang used in Puerto Rico . There are many phrases that are funny in one place and mean nothing in another country that speaks correct Spanish.Here is a list of commonly used slangs in Puerto Rico, their… …   Wikipedia

  • ¡Ay, caramba! — (pronounced: [ˈai kaˈɾamba]) comes from the Spanish interjection ¡ay! (denoting surprise or pain) and caramba (a minced oath, a euphemism for carajo, a vulgar word meaning fuck ),[1]; which is an exclamation used in the Spanish of Spain to… …   Wikipedia

  • dadgum — 1. adjective Euphemism (see minced oath) for goddamn. 2. interjection euphemism (see minced oath) for goddammit …   Wiktionary

  • Re-edited film — Part of a series on Censorship By media …   Wikipedia

  • Zounds — Infobox musical artist | Name = Zounds Img capt = Img size = Background = group or band Alias = Origin = U.K. Genre = Anarcho punk, Post punk Years active = 1977 1982 2001 present Label = Crass Records Rough Trade Records Associated acts = The… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”