USS Essex (1799)

The first USS "Essex" of the United States Navy was a 36-gun [http://www.visit1812.com/historic-sites/usnm.html] or 32-gun [http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/robotti-essex.html] sailing frigate that participated in the Quasi-War with France, the Barbary Wars, and in the War of 1812, during which she was captured by the British (1814).

The frigate was launched on 30 September 1799 by Enos Briggs, Salem, Massachusetts, at a cost of $139,362 subscribed by the people of Salem and Essex County. On 17 December 1799 she was presented to the United States and accepted by Captain Edward Preble.

ervice history

With the United States involved in naval action against France on 6 January 1800, "Essex", under Captain Preble, departed New York in company with USS|Congress|1799|2 to rendezvous with and convoy merchant ships returning from Batavia, Dutch East Indies. Shortly after commencement of her journey, "Essex" became the first U.S. Naval Ship to cross the Equator. "Congress" was dismasted only a few days out, and "Essex" was obliged to continue her voyage alone, making her mark as the first U.S. man-of-war to double the Cape of Good Hope, both in March and in August 1800 prior to successfully completing her convoy mission in November.

First Barbary War

Captain William Bainbridge commanded "Essex" on her second cruise, whereon she sailed to the Mediterranean with the squadron of Commodore Richard Dale. Dispatched to protect American trade and seamen against depredations by the Barbary pirates, the squadron arrived at Gibraltar on 1 July 1801 and spent the ensuing year convoying American merchantmen and blockading Tripolitan ships in their ports. Following repairs at the Washington Navy Yard in 1802, "Essex" resumed her duties in the Mediterranean under Captain James Barron in August 1804. She participated in the Battle of Derne on 27 April 1805, and remained in those waters until the conclusion of peace terms in 1806.

Returning to the Washington Navy Yard in July, she was placed in ordinary until February 1809 when she was recommissioned for sporadic use in patrolling American waters and a single cruise to Europe.

War of 1812

When war was declared against Britain on 18 June, 1812, "Essex", commanded by Captain David Porter, made a successful cruise to the southward. On 11 July near Bermuda she fell in with seven British (the HMS "Silverside" being one) transports and by moonlight engaged and took one of them as a prize. On 13 August she encountered and captured the sloop "Alert" after an engagement. By September when she returned to New York, "Essex" had taken ten prizes.

"Essex" sailed in South Atlantic waters and along the coast of Brazil until January 1813 when Captain Porter undertook the decimation of English whale fisheries in the Pacific. Although her crew suffered greatly from a shortage of provisions and heavy gales while rounding Cape Horn, she anchored safely at Valparaíso, Chile, on 14 March, having seized schooners "Elizabeth" and "Nereyda" along the way. The next five months brought "Essex" thirteen prizes, including "Essex Junior", (ex-"Atlantic") which cruised in company with her captor to the Island of Nukahiva for repairs. Porter put his executive officer John Downes in command of that ship.

In January 1814, "Essex" sailed into neutral waters at Valparaíso, only to be trapped there for six weeks by the British frigate, HMS|Phoebe|1795|2 (36 guns) and the sloop-of-war HMS|Cherub|1806|2 (18 guns). On 28 March 1814, Porter determined to gain the open sea, fearing the arrival of British reinforcements. Upon rounding the point, "Essex" lost her main top-mast to foul weather and was brought to action just north of Valparaíso. [http://www.navy.mil/search/display_word.asp?story_id=37263] For 2½ hours, "Essex", armed almost entirely with powerful, but short range carronades (which Porter had complained to the Navy about on several occasions), resisted the enemy's superior fighting power and longer gun range. A fire erupted twice aboard the "Essex", at which point about fifty men abandoned the ship and swam for shore; only half of them landing. Eventually, the hopeless situation forced the frigate to surrender. The "Essex" suffered 58 dead and 31 missing of her crew of 154, [http://www.navy.mil/search/display_word.asp?story_id=37263] while the British casualties were 5 dead, 10 wounded.

"Essex" was repaired and taken into the Royal Navy as HMS "Essex", and in 1833 served as a prison ship at Kingston, Ireland. On 6 June 1837 she was sold at public auction.

David Farragut, who later became a prominent Federal naval officer in the American Civil War, served as a midshipman aboard the "Essex".

External links

* [http://modelshipbuilder.com/models/model-ship-builder-gene-bodnar.html Essex, a scaled replica] - A scaled wooden admiralty style model of the USS Essex.

References

* Frances Robotti and James Vescovi, "The USS Essex and the Birth of the American Navy" (Adams, 1999)