Treaty of Nöteborg

Treaty of Nöteborg

Treaty of Nöteborg, also known as "Treaty of Oreshek", is a conventional name for the peace treaty that was signed at Orekhovets ( _sv. Nöteborg) on August 12 1323. It was the first settlement between Sweden and Novgorod Republic regulating their border. Three years later, Novgorod signed the Treaty of Novgorod with the Norwegians.

Name

The treaty had no special name at the time, as it was just called a "permanent peace" between the parties. [ [http://193.184.161.234/DF/detail.php?id=313 Treaty's Swedish and Latin texts] as maintained by the [http://www.narc.fi National Archives Service] of Finland. Note that neither text can be said to be fully original, since both have survived as later, and possibly modified, copies.] Contemporary English language publications most often use the name "Treaty of Nöteborg" for it, [See e.g. [http://books.google.com/books?q=%22treaty+of+noteborg%22&btnG=Search+Books] and [http://books.google.com/books?q=%22treaty+of+n%C3%B6teborg%22&btnG=Search+Books] .] which is a direct translation of "Nöteborgstraktaten" by which the treaty has conventionally been referred to in the Swedish language literature. "Treaty of Oreshek" [See e.g. [http://books.google.com/books?q=%22treaty+of+oreshek&btnG=Search+Books] .] is a similar translation from the Russian "Ореховский мир". Both "Nöteborg" and "Oreshek" are old names of a fortress in Shlisselburg, used respectively in Swedish and Russian.

Recently, the name "Treaty of Pähkinäsaari" has appeared in some of the English language literature, as a direct translation of the contemporary Finnish name of the treaty, "Pähkinäsaaren rauha". [See e.g. [http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-420557/Treaty-of-Noteborg] , [http://books.google.com/books?q=%22treaty+of+p%C3%A4hkin%C3%A4saari%22&btnG=Search+Books] or [http://books.google.com/books?q=%22treaty+of+pahkinasaari%22&btnG=Search+Books] .] "Pähkinäsaari" was the Finnish name for the island on which the fortress was built.

Contents

The original text of the treaty has been lost. It has survived in partial copies in Russian, Swedish, and Latin, which are somewhat conflicting. [ [http://www.historisktidsskrift.dk/summary/97_186.html Nöteborgsfreden och Finlands medeltida östgräns. Andra delen.] Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, No 427:2, VIII + s. 239-509. Helsingfors 1991. (97:1, 186-200). Detailed discussion about the conflict over the correct text of the treaty. See page 186. The Russian text is available in S. N. Valk, "Gramoty Velikogo Novgoroda i Pskova" (Moscow: AN SSSR, 1949), 67-68.]

The treaty was negotiated with the help of Hanseatic merchants in order to conclude the Swedish-Novgorodian Wars. As a token of good will, Prince Yuri ceded three of his Karelian parishes to Sweden; Sweden would in turn stay out of any conflict between Novgorod and Narva. Both sides would also promise to refrain from building castles on the new border.

The treaty defined the border as beginning east and north of the Vyborg Castle, running along Sestra and Volchya Rivers, splitting the Karelian Isthmus in half, running across Savonia, and, according to the traditional interpretations, ending in the Gulf of Bothnia near the Pyhäjoki River. Only the southern part of the border, close to Vyborg, was actually considered important and clearly defined in the treaty. Border in the wilderness was defined very roughly, and was presumably considered less important than the line across the Karelian Isthmus. It has also been suggested that the treaty would have originally given both Sweden and Novgorod joint rights to northern Ostrobothnia and Lappland. [See Gallén, Jarl: "Nöteborgsfreden och Finlands medeltida östgräns", Helsingfors 1968. Also see Gallén, Jarl; Lind, John: "Nöteborgsfreden och Finlands medeltida östgräns", vol. 2-3, Helsingfors 1991.]

Aftermath

Finnic tribes living on both sides of the border, mainly Karelians, Finns, and Tavastians, had no say in the treaty. Sweden and Novgorod had already "de facto" established their areas of influence in eastern Fennoscandia, with Karelians under Russian rule and other tribes in the west under Swedish rule. The treaty established international approval for that structure, but the concept of "permanent peace" did not have much effect on the long-term conflict between Novgorod and Sweden. The northern part of the border crossed wide stretches of wilderness in which the Hansa and its diplomats were not interested, but these areas became a bone of contention between Sweden and Novgorod soon thereafter. Anxious to retrieve the northern shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, Sweden may have forged part of the treaty only a few years later, [See "Skrifter".] and claimed that the northern border went all the way up to the Arctic Ocean. Within five years after the treaty was signed, Swedish colonists started making inroads into northern Ostrobothnia. [Vahtola, Jouko. Tornionlaakson historia I. Birkarlit, 'pirkkalaiset'. Malungs boktryckeri AB. Malung, Sweden. 1991.] Sweden also established castles at Oulu around 1375 and Olavinlinna in 1475, clearly on the Novgorodian side of the border.

The Swedes' Russian counterparts refused to accept the apparent forgery until 1595, when the Treaty of Teusina acknowledged the Swedish text as the correct one. However, long before that, Sweden had succeeded in permanently taking over large areas on the Novgorod side of the original border, including Ostrobothnia and Savonia. Eventually, the territory west of the border, along with the expanse to the north, evolved into the country that is known today as Finland.

ee also

*Birkarls
*List of treaties

References


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем решить контрольную работу

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Treaty of Novgorod — Treaty of Novgorod, signed on June 3th, 1326 in Novgorod, marked the end of decades of the Norwegian Novgorodian border skirmishes in the far northern region called Finnmark. The terms were an armistice for 40 years. A few years earlier, Republic …   Wikipedia

  • Treaty of Stolbovo — The Treaty of Stolbovo is a peace treaty of 1617 that ended the Ingrian War, fought between Sweden and Russia.After nearly two months of negotiations, representatives from Sweden and Russia met at the (now derelict) village of Stolbovo, south of… …   Wikipedia

  • Swedish–Novgorodian Wars — v · …   Wikipedia

  • History of Finland — ImageSize = width:260 height:350PlotArea = width: 25 height:330 left:50 bottom:10DateFormat = yyyyPeriod = from:700 till:2008TimeAxis = orientation:verticalScaleMajor = unit:year increment:100 start:1100PlotData= color:blue width:25… …   Wikipedia

  • Jarl Gallén — Jarl Wilhelm Erik Gallén (1908 1990), is a Finnish historian and Swedish speaking professor in history at Helsinki University 1964 75. Gallén s special field was middle ages, particularly the Dominicans history in the Nordic counties, but he also …   Wikipedia

  • Sweden — /sweed n/, n. a kingdom in N Europe, in the E part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. 8,946,193; 173,732 sq. mi. (449,964 sq. km). Cap.: Stockholm. Swedish, Sverige. * * * Sweden Introduction Sweden Background: A military power during the 17th… …   Universalium

  • Winter War — Infobox Military Conflict conflict=Winter War partof=World War II caption=Finnish machine gun squad during the Winter War. date=November 30, 1939 – March 13, 1940 place=Eastern Finland result=Interim Peace territory=Moscow Peace Treaty combatant1 …   Wikipedia

  • Novgorod Republic — Новгородская республика Novgorodskaya Zemlja ← …   Wikipedia

  • County of Kexholm — Kexholms län Käkisalmen lääni Kexholm County County of the Swedish Empire …   Wikipedia

  • Karelia — (Karelian and Finnish Karjala , ru. Карелия ( Kareliya ), sv. Karelen), the land of the Karelian peoples, is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Finland, Russia, and Sweden. It is currently divided between the Russian… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”