Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron

Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron (August 17, 1754 – 1802), was a French politician, journalist, representative to the National Assembly, and representative on mission during the French Revolution.

Background

The son of Elie-Catherine Fréron, he was born in Paris to a wealthy family. His father was a prominent journalist and popular opponent of the philosophe and encyclopedist, his most notable opponent being Voltaire (who openly considered Elie his enemy), and it is surmised that his father's history of conflict with the state over freedom of the press heavily influenced Louis Fréron's political views. He attended the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where his father held a faculty position, together with the likes of Maximilien Robespierre and Camille Desmoulins. On the death of his father, he inherited "L'Année littéraire", which was continued until 1795 and edited successively by the abbé Royou and Julien Louis Geoffroy. [ cite paper
author = Greene, Karen
title = The Rise and Fall of a Revolutionary: The Political Career of Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron, Rerpresentative on Mission and Conventionnel, 1754-1802
date = 2004
url = http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04072004-135325/unrestricted/FrerronDissertation.pdf
format = pdf ]

Early Revolutionary activities

Though due to legal obligations he still had some affiliation with "L'Année littéraire", Fréron took up writing and editing his paper "L'Orateur du Peuple". In it, he wrote radical denunciations of counter-revolutionaries much like those written by Jean-Paul Marat and Camille Desmoulins, and in fact the three of them aided each other in editing their papers. His first real taste of rabble-rousing came in the form of collaboration with Desmoulins to incite the storming of the Bastille.

Soon after, he was elected as representative to the Bonne-Nouvelle district of the newly formed Paris Commune, where it seems he was minimally active before returning to his role as a journalist. He acted as a collaborator for "L’Ami des citoyens" for a brief period before starting his own paper "L'Orateur du Peuple", under the pseudonym Martel, which consisted of 8 pages and was distributed every other day, with Marcel Enfantin serving as editor. Aside from his writings in his paper, he openly collaborated with Marat and agreed to fund and write half of Desmoulins paper.

In June 1790, Marcel Enfantin was arrested for "provable conspiracy against liberty" because the authorities believed him to be Martel. In response, Fréron wrote::Citizens, can you believe it? The Orateur du peuple is in chains! He had only taken up the pen in defense of your rights, he was a dynamic writer of the most ardent patriotism…he fought the ministerial hydra with a club, and the aristocracy with ridicule…Well, the Municipality has slandered [his] intentions…it has poisoned his innocent phrases… [but] the voice the Orateur du peuple will pierce the vaults of his prison…the articles of the Rights of Man were made to be used by this French citizen…so that he may publish his opinions.

Also, Fréron's relationship with Desmoulins brought him to the cause of the Cordeliers and prompted his involvement with the attack on Tuileries palace of 1792 (the insurrection of the Paris crowds against the House of Bourbon, and their battle with the Swiss Guards). [ cite paper
author = Greene, Karen
title = The Rise and Fall of a Revolutionary: The Political Career of Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron, Rerpresentative on Mission and Conventionnel, 1754-1802
date = 2004
url = http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04072004-135325/unrestricted/FrerronDissertation.pdf
format = pdf ]

In September, Fréron was elected to the National Convention for the "département" of Seine, and voted in favor of Louis XVI's execution. Fréron served as a Representative on Mission to Provence, Marseilles, and Toulon, between 1793 and 1794, together with Paul Barras; they had been charged with establishing the Convention's authority in the Mediterranean South after such events as the Toulon rebellion, and Fréron remained famous as an enforcer of the Reign of Terror.

Reaction and the Directory

Nonetheless, both he and Barras joined the Thermidorian Reaction in its clash with Robespierre; "L'Orateur du Peuple" became the mouthpiece of anti-Jacobins, and Fréron incited the Muscadins to attack the sans-culottes with clubs. He brought about the accusation of Antoine Fouquier-Tinville, and of Jean-Baptiste Carrier, and the arrest of the last Montagnards. Being sent by the Directory on a mission of peace to Marseilles he published in 1796 "Mémoire historique sur la réaction royale et sur les malheurs du midi" ("Historical Dissertation on the Royalist Reaction and the Misfortunes of the South").

He was elected to the Council of the Five Hundred, but not allowed to take his seat. Failing as suitor for the hand of Pauline Bonaparte, one of Napoleon Bonaparte's sisters, in 1801, he went as commissioner to Saint Domingue and died there from yellow fever in 1802; General Charles Leclerc, who had married Pauline Bonaparte, also received a command in Saint Domingue in 1801 (during the last stage of the Haitian Revolution), and died the same year.

References