Act of God

Act of God

Act of God is a legal term [cite book |last = Black |first = Henry Campbell |title = Black's Law Dictionary |id = ISBN 0-314-76271-X |publisher = West Publishing Co. |year = 1990 |edition = 6th edition |pages = 33 |location = Saint Paul, Minnesota] for events outside of human control, such as sudden floods or other natural disasters, for which no one can be held responsible. This does not protect those who put others in danger of acts of nature through negligence, such as an adult who instructs a group of children to stand under a tree to escape a lightning storm.

The legal term, "Act of God", does not necessarily imply that a God had a direct intervention which specifically caused a "natural" occurrence or disaster.

Contract law

In the law of contracts, an act of Go may be interpreted as an implied defense under the rule of impossibility, i.e., the promise is discharged because of unforeseen, naturally occurring events that were unavoidable and which would result in insurmountable delay, expense or other material breach. In other contracts, such as indemnification, an act of God may be no excuse, and in fact may be the central risk assumed by the promisor, e.g., flood insurance or crop insurance; the only variables being the timing and extent of the damage. In many cases, failure by way of ignoring obvious risks due to "natural phenomena" will not be sufficient to excuse performance of the obligation, even if the events are relatively rare, e.g., the year 2000 problem in computers. Under the Uniform Commercial Code, 2-615, failure to deliver goods sold may be excused by an "act of God" if the absence of such act was a "basic assumption" of the contract, but has made the delivery commercially "impacticable".

Tort law

In the law of torts, an "act of God" may be asserted as a type of intervening cause, the lack of which would have avoided the cause or diminished the result of liability (e.g., but for the earthquake, the old, poorly constructed building would be standing). However, foreseeable results of unforeseeable causes may still raise liability. For example, a bolt of lightning strikes a ship carrying volatile compressed gas, resulting in the expected explosion. Liability may be found if the carrier did not use reasonable care to protect against sparks -- regardless of their origins. Similarly, strict liability could defeat a defense for an "act of God" where the defendant has created the conditions under which any accident would result in harm. For example, a long-haul truck driver takes a shortcut on a back road and the load is lost when the road is destroyed in an unforeseen flood. Other cases (and the preferred federal rule in the United States) find that a common carrier is not liable for the unforeseeable forces of nature. "Memphis & Charlestown RR Co. v. Reeves," 1870, 77 U.S. 176.

A particularly interesting example is that of "rainmaker" Charles Hatfield who was hired in 1915 by the city of San Diego to fill the Morena reservoir to capacity with rainwater for $10,000. The region was soon flooded by heavy rains, nearly bursting the reservoir's dam, killing nearly 20 people, destroying 110 bridges (leaving 2), knocking out telephone and telegraph lines, and causing an estimated $3,500,000 in damage in total. When the city refused to pay him (he had forgotten to sign the contract), he sued the city. The floods were ruled an act of God, excluding him from liability but also from payment.

See also

* Force majeure

References


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • act of God — often cap A: an extraordinary natural event (as a flood or earthquake) that cannot be reasonably foreseen or prevented compare force majeure, inevitable accident, unavoidable accident ◇ It is a defense against liability for injury if the injury… …   Law dictionary

  • act of God — ˌact of ˈGod noun acts of God PLURALFORM [countable] LAW INSURANCE a natural event such as a storm or an Earthquake. No one can be held to be legally liable for damage caused by an act of God, and insurance companies will not usually make… …   Financial and business terms

  • Act of God — God God (g[o^]d), n. [AS. god; akin to OS. & D. god, OHG. got, G. gott, Icel. gu[eth], go[eth], Sw. & Dan. gud, Goth. gup, prob. orig. a p. p. from a root appearing in Skr. h[=u], p. p. h[=u]ta, to call upon, invoke, implore. [root]30. Cf.… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Act of God — Act Act ([a^]kt), n. [L. actus, fr. agere to drive, do: cf. F. acte. See {Agent}.] 1. That which is done or doing; the exercise of power, or the effect, of which power exerted is the cause; a performance; a deed. [1913 Webster] That best portion… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

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  • act\ of\ God — • act of God • fickle finger of fate • the fickle finger of fate noun An occurrence (usually some sort of catastrophe) for which the people affected are not responsible; said of earthquakes, floods, etc. Hurricane Andrew destroyed many houses in… …   Словарь американских идиом

  • act of god — An act of God is something like an earthquake or floods that human beings cannot prevent or control …   The small dictionary of idiomes

  • act of God — ► act of God an instance of uncontrollable natural forces in operation. Main Entry: ↑act …   English terms dictionary

  • act of God — noun count an event such as a flood, LIGHTNING, or an EARTHQUAKE that is produced by natural forces, and that people have no control over …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

  • act of God — act′ of God′ n. law a sudden action of natural forces that could not have been prevented, as an earthquake or hurricane • Etymology: 1855–60 …   From formal English to slang

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