Battle of Vyborg Bay

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Vyborg Bay
partof=Russo-Swedish War (1788-1790),


caption="Battle of Vyborg Bay", by Ivan Aivazovsky
date=July 4 (June 23 OS) 1790
place=Krysserort near Vyborg, Russia
result=Partial Russian victory
combatant1=
combatant2=
commander1=Vasili Chichagov
commander2=Gustav III of Sweden
Prince Karl, Duke of Södermanland
strength1=50 ships 72 galleys 8 frigates 20 additional galleys 8 additional archipelago frigates 52 additional galleys 21,000 sailors and soldiers
strength2=21 ships of the line 13 frigates 366 smaller ships
3,000 guns 40,000 sailors and soldiers
casualties1=2 ships
casualties2=7 ships of the line 3 frigates around 10 smaller boats 4 500 dead
casualties=38 ships

The Battle of Vyborg Bay (also known in Swedish literature as "Gauntlet at Vyborg Bay") was a naval battle fought between Russia and Sweden on July 4, 1790 during the Russo-Swedish War (1788-1790). The Swedish Navy suffered heavy losses, losing six ships of the line and four frigates, but Gustav III of Sweden eventually ensured a Swedish naval escape through a Russian naval blockade composed of units of the Baltic Fleet, commanded by Admiral Vasili Chichagov. The battle ranks among the world's largest historical naval battles and also among the most influential, as it introduced for the first time the naval battle concept of "firepower over mobility".

Background

In 1790, King Gustav III of Sweden revived his plan for a landing close to St. Petersburg, this time near Vyborg. But the plan foundered in a disastrous attack on the Russian fleet at the Battle of Reval on May 13. A further attack on the Russian fleet off Kronstadt at the beginning of June also failed and the Swedish battlefleet and galley flotilla both retired to Vyborg Bay.

The stage for the battle was set in the first week of June 1790. Northern white nights were nearly as light as the day and, to King Gustav's consternation, unfavourable southwesterly winds prevented the combined Swedish fleets of some 400 vessels from sailing southeast to Swedish-controlled Finnish waters. This allowed the Russian sailing battlefleet and coastal galley fleet to join forces.

King Gustav ordered a two-part Swedish naval force of 400 ships (with 3,000 guns and 30,000 sailor and soldiers) to anchor temporarily between the islands of Krysserort (Ristiniemi in Finnish), and Biskopsö (Severny Berezovy in Russian, Piisaari in Finnish) just inside the mouth of Bay of Vyborg, Russia, in the Gulf of Finland. This strategic position placed the Swedish navy within striking distance of the Russian imperial capital, Saint Petersburg.

The sailing battlefleet of 21 ships of the line, 13 frigates, various smaller ships, and 16,000 men, was led by flag-captain Admiral Nordenskiöld, under command of Grand Admiral Duke Carl, younger brother of King Gustav III of Sweden. The coastal galley flotilla ("Skärgårdsflottan") of 14,000 sailors and army soldiers was led by flag-captain Colonel George de Frese, under personal charge of Gustav III of Sweden.

On June 8, 1790, the Russian Baltic Fleet under Admiral Vasili Chichagov blockaded the only two navigable channels in and out of Vyborg Bay and locked the Swedish fleet in the bay while he waited for Prince Nassau-Siegen to arrive from Kronstadt with the Russian galley fleet. This blockade consisted of a primary force of 50 ships (with 2,718 guns and 21,000 men), and a secondary force of 20 galleys (led by Captain Shlissov), 8 rowed archipelago frigates (led by Vice-Admiral Kozlyaninov) and 52 other rowed galleys.

On Chichagov's orders, four sets of ships (each with a trailing bomb ship) were positioned east to west, broadsides to the Swedish force. The first set, led by Major General Pyotr Lezhnev consisted of four ships of the line in the narrow eastern channel. In the dangerously shallow western channel between Krysserort and Repiegrund sat a set of five chain-linked ships of the line; a group of five frigates (three led by Rear Admiral Pyotr Khanykov and two led by British-born Russian admiral Robert Crown) further south between Lilla Fiskarna island, the Pensar Islets (Pensarholmarna) and the shoreline, and another group of five ships (including two frigates) further west at Pitkäpaasi.

Meanwhile, on June 18, 1790, an assault on the Russian galley fleet at Trångsund (Vysotsk, Uuuras in Finnish), ordered by Gustav III of Sweden and started two days earlier, failed due to lack of support of its center force and returned. Shortages of food and water prompted Gustav III of Sweden to act. On June 19 1790, he instructed admiral Nordenskiöld to formulate a plan for the breakout for when the winds changed, one which would include a distraction with gun sloops at Kanonslupar with an actual breakout at Krysserort, and one which the king would lead personally.

Then on July 2, 1790, the wind shifted to the north, favorably for the Swedish supreme command at Vyborg Bay, which met in session, and a Swedish reconnaissance force apprehended a Russian unit at Björkö Sound in the Battle of Björkö sound.

Battle

On June 21 1790, Prince Nassau-Siegen attacked the Swedes at Bjorke Sound with 89 ships. Then, at nightfall on July 3 (June 22 OS), 1790 Gustav III of Sweden ordered the breakout to commence from Krysserort at 10:00 on the following day.

At 02:00 on July 4, 1790, Swedish units bombarded Russian shore batteries. At the same time, Swedish sloops, led by Lieutenant Colonel Jacob Tönningen, attacked a Russian naval unit just west of Vasikansaari Island, west of Björkö sound.

Just prior to 07:00 that morning, Gustav III of Sweden spoke with then captain Count Johan af Puke of the 64-gun ship of the line, the "Dristigheten" ("Bravery"), which would lead the breakout. Moments later, Puke, aboard the "Dristigheten", led a line of ships and the Swedish naval fleet away from the bay, through the western channel, around the Salvors shallows into the middle of the channel between the shallows and Krysserort, and towards the first Russian ships of the line, the "Seslav" and "Saint Peter".

This line of ships consisted of the flagship the "Konung Gustaf III" (with Prince Grand Admiral Duke Carl aboard), the "Seraphimerorden" (with Gustav III of Sweden aboard) - in the line's center, the "Manligheten" ("Manliness", sister ship of the "Dristigheten"), the other ships of line, the navy frigates, the frigate "Zemire", the 70-gun ship of the line "Enigheten" ("Unity"), and three fire barges, used to set fire to enemy ships. Meanwhile, the flotilla protected the naval fleet, on a parallel course further west, nearer the shoreline.

Immediately prior to the engagement, Gustav III transferred onto a smaller sloop. Puke ordered all non-essential personnel below decks and, moments later, the Swedish navy engaged the Russian blockade, splitting between the "Selsav" and the "Saint Peter". Gustav III of Sweden was rowed through the fire, but the flagship "Konung Gustaf III" was hit and the Grand Admiral Duke Carl injured. One Russian ship was destroyed by multiple broadside hits.

Once through the first group of ships, Gustav III of Sweden reboarded the "Seraphimerorden". The king's personal ship, the "Amphion" survived with no damage. Further west, the galley fleet line of ships consisting sequentially of the frigates "Styrbjörn" and "Norden" ("North"), six "Turuma" squadron ships, "Säallan Värre" ("Rarely Worse" ), the remaining archipelago frigates, the "Malmberg" ships, the "Hjelmstierna" ships, and Colonel Jacob Tönningen's assigned gun sloops and gun tenders, passed the first Russian set of ships, then engaged the second. The "Styrbjörn" though subjected to heavy fire, managed to pass through and score several hits on Russian commander Povalishin's ship and on the bomb ship "Pobeditel" ("Victor").

As the brunt of both Swedish fleets passed through the blockade, Ensign Sandels, commanding the fire barge "Postiljonen" ("Postman") towed by the 74-gun ship of the line "Enigheten", set his ship on fire too early. It drifted towards the "Enigheten", set it on fire, and then collided with the Swedish 40-gun frigate "Zemire", both exploding in an enormous channel-covering cascade of debris and smoke. The explosion severely damaged or destroyed ships within or trying to get through the blockade. The Russian ship groups blocking the Swedish fleets were disrupted by passing Swedish ships.

The Swedish navy lost a total of eight ships (seven grounded due to heavy smoke from the explosion): four grounded ships of the line - the 64-gun "Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotta" (though her captain, Jindric Johan Nauckhoff, continued firing at the Russian frigates until the end), the "Finland" at the Salvors shallows, the 74-gun "Lovisa Ulrika" at the Passaloda shallows just south of Reipie, and the 64-gun "Ömheten" ("the Tenderness") at the Pensar islets - and one shipwrecked ship of the line (the "Auroras"), although the king's British naval adviser Sidney Smith was saved; three frigates including the "Uppland" and the "Jarrislawitz" ("Yaroslavets," captured in 1788 from Russia), both at the Passaloda shallows; and about 4,000 men.

The Swedish galley flotilla lost four galleys due to the shallows: the "Ehrenpreuss", the "Palmstierna", the "Ekeblad" and the "Uppland". These ships were all grounded at the Pensar islet, close to the second set of Russian ships and the Russian ship "Nole Me Tangere", where they struck their flag.

Aftermath

The Swedish warships that survived the breakout headed into open seas, assembled at Vidskär skerry just south of Pitkäpaasi, and then sailed to Sveaborg fortress near Helsinki, Finland for repairs. Chichagov was late in pursuing the Swedish navy, but pursued them to Sveaborg. The next day, Captain Crown captured the 62-gun "Retvisan" with the help of the 66-gun "Izyaslav".

The Swedish battlefleet retired to Sveaborg for repairs while the Swedish galley flotilla made for a strong defensive position at Svensksund, near Kotka. An impetuous Russian attack on the Swedish galley flotilla on July 9 at the Second Battle of Svensksund resulted in a disaster for the Russians that offset the Swedish defeat at Vyborg Bay.

ources & References

* Anderson, R.C. "Naval Wars in the Baltic, 1522–1850" (London, 1969)
* Derry, T.K. 'Scandinavia' in "The New Cambridge Modern History", Volume IX (Cambridge, 1965).
* Lambert, Andrew D. "War at Sea in the Age of the Sail 1650-1850". 1956. ISBN 0-304-35246-2.
* Mitchell, Donald W. "A History of Russian and Soviet Sea Power" (Macmillan, New York, 1974).
* [http://www.algonet.se/~hogman/battles_1700a_eng.htm#The%20“gauntlet”%20at%20the%20Vyborg%20Bay Article "The 'gauntlet' at Vyborg Bay" at Hans Högman's Genealogy and History site] retrieved July 6, 2006
* [http://www.algonet.se/~hogman/navy_o_army_fleet.htm#The%20Navy Article "The Navy" at Hans Högman's Genealogy and History site] retrieved July 19, 2006
* [http://www.algonet.se/~hogman/navy_o_army_fleet.htm#Army%20Fleet Article "The Galley Fleet / The Army Fleet" at at Hans Högman's Genealogy and History site] retrieved July 19, 2006
* [http://www.abc.se/~m10354/mar/russ1790.htm Article "The 'Gauntlet' at Vyborg Bay"] retrieved on July 20, 2006.
* [http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/chap5-4.html The History of Russian Navy] retrieved on July 20, 2006.

External links

* [http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/chap5-2.html From Hogland to Barezund] in [http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/book-cont.html History of Russian Navy]
* [http://www.multi.fi/~goranfri/navalwar.html The Swedish Navy 1788–1809]