Senate of Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland 1921–72

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Northern Ireland 1921–72

Government Governor Privy Council Ministries Prime Minister Craigavon ministry Andrews ministry Brookeborough ministry O'Neill ministry Chichester-Clark ministry Faulkner ministry Northern Ireland Civil Service Departments Parliament Acts Statutory Rules and Orders Senate Speaker of the Senate Leader of the Senate House of Commons Speaker Leader of the Opposition Members 1921 · 1925 · 1929 · 1933 1938 · 1945 · 1949 · 1953 1958 · 1962 · 1965 · 1969 Senate Elections Elections in Northern Ireland 1921 · 1925 · 1929 · 1933 1938 · 1945 · 1949 · 1953 1958 · 1962 · 1965 · 1969 By-elections Constituencies Political parties See Also Fourth Home Rule Bill Constitution Act 1973

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The Senate of Northern Ireland was the upper house of the Parliament of Northern Ireland created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. It was abolished with the passing of the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973.

Powers

In practice the Senate of Northern Ireland possessed little power and even less influence. While intended as a revising chamber, in practice, debates and votes typically simply replicated those in the Commons.^[1] As early as 1926, five years after its first creation, calls began for its abolition.

Location

From 1932, when the building was completed, until 1972, the Senate of Northern Ireland met in the Senate Chamber of Parliament Buildings in Stormont on the outskirts of Belfast. To make parallels with the British House of Lords members of the Senate sat on red benches.

Senators

The Senate consisted of 26 members. Twenty-four members elected by the House of Commons of Northern Ireland elected using the Single Transferable Vote (STV), elected in blocks of twelve with each senator's term lasting for two parliaments (i.e. two House of Commons) and two ex-officio members: the Lord Mayor of Belfast and Mayor of Londonderry. Convention held that, in the event of a by-election, only members of the Commons from the same county would vote on their replacement.^[2] The election system was maintained even after the abolition of STV for the House of Commons.^[3]

The Senators to retire after the end of the first parliament were selected by lot.^[4] At the subsequent election, voting papers from the Nationalist MPs and George Henderson were deemed to have been submitted late, and were not considered. All these members had given a high preference to the Nationalist candidate, Vincent Devoto, and a subsequent analysis of the transfers showed that these would otherwise have been sufficient to elect him.^[5]

Office-holders

The key offices in the Senate were:

• Speaker
• Deputy Speakers (2)
• Leader of the House
• Deputy Leader of the House (abolished in 1961).

Political composition

During its history 142 people sat in the upper house. With the addition of the Unionist Lords Mayor, of Londonderry Corporation and Belfast Corporation; together with boycotts of the Commons at various times by nationalist parties and fragmentation of the opposition into some parties too small to elect a Senator alone, the upper house proved to be even more heavily unionist than the lower house. However a Nationalist is recorded as having been deputy speaker at one stage.

The table below shows the political composition of the twenty-four elected members of the Senate, after each election. It does not show subsequent changes of party allegiance, nor changes resulting from by-elections. Following the 1969 election, there was one vacant seat.^[6] Other than Hugh O'Doherty, Mayor of Londonderry until 1923, all the ex officio members were Ulster Unionists.

Election	Unionist	Labour	Nationalist	Ind. Unionist	Independent
1921	24	0	0	0	0
1925	23	1	0	0	0
1929	20	1	3	0	0
1933	18	0	5	1	0
1937	20	0	4	0	0
1945	18	1	2	1	0
1949	17	1	5	1	0
1953	18	0	5	0	1
1957	19	0	4	0	1
1962	18	1	4	0	1
1965	18	2	4	0	0
1969	16	2	5	0	0

Peerages

Peers of the Realm were disproportionately represented in the Senate. Nine Senators were or became peers of the realm at the time of their membership of the Senate. These were two Dukes of Abercorn, Lord Bangor, Lord Charlemont, Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, Lord Glentoran, Marquess of Londonderry, Lord Massereene and Ferrard, and Lord Pirrie. Lord Bangor and Lord Charlemont held Irish titles only; Lord Charlemont had been elected as an Irish Representative Peer and so sat in the House of Lords, Lord Bangor however did not. At least another 3 Senators subsequently became members of the House of Lords by different routes. Lord R.G. Grosvenor inherited the title of Duke of Westminster, Sir Basil Brooke was created Viscount Brookeborough and Victor Cooke was created as a life peer Baron Cooke of Islandreagh.^[7]

Abolition

The Senate, along with the House of Commons, was prorogued by the Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972, and abolished completely by the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973. The old Senate chamber is now used as a committee room of the Northern Ireland Assembly.

See also

• List of members of the Senate of Northern Ireland

References

1. ^ John F. Harbinson, The Ulster Unionist Party, 1882-1973, pp.122-123
2. ^ John F. Harbinson, The Ulster Unionist Party, 1882-1973, p.122
3. ^ "Abolition of P.R. in Ulster", Manchester Guardian, 6 March 1929, p.7
4. ^ "Ulster Senate", Manchester Guardian, 4 June 1925, p.2
5. ^ "Missing voting papers", Manchester Guardian, 15 July 1925, p.18
6. ^ John F. Harbinson, The Ulster Unionist Party, 1882-1973, pp.178-180
7. ^ "Members of the Northern Ireland Senate, 1921-72". Ark.ac.uk. http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/hnisen.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 

External links

• ARK paper on Senate elections and membership