Seal of the Confessional and the Anglican Church

The Seal of the Confessional is a principle of the Anglican Church that protects the words spoken during confession. Confession has certain censures on disclosure as there is an understanding among the clergy that there is an inviolable confidence between the individual priest and the penitent.

To the English Reformation

In the "Decretum" of Gratian who compiled the edicts of previous councils and the principles of Church law which he published about 1151, we find the following declaration of the law as to the seal of confession:

- and he goes on to say that the violator of this law should be made a life-long, ignominious wanderer.

Canon 21 of the Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215), binding on the whole Church, laid down the obligation of secrecy in the following words:

Notably, neither this canon nor the law of the "Decretum" purports to enact for the first time the secrecy of confession. The great fifteenth century English canonist William Lyndwood speaks of two reasons why a priest is bound to keep secret a confession, the first being on account of the sacrament because it is almost (quasi) of the essence of the sacrament to keep secret the confession. [(Cf. also Jos. Mascardus, "De probationibus", Frankfort, 1703, arg. 378.)]

Henry VIII and the Reformation

The whole system of spiritual jurisdiction and the administration of canon law in England was transformed by the advent of the English Reformation. The reign of King Henry VIII saw the advent of an independent Church of England, constituted with the king as supreme head. The Statute of the Six Articles, passed in 1540, declared that "auricular confession is expedient and necessary to be retained and continued, used and frequented in the Church of God". Therefore, no reason to think that the Seal of Confession would not have been observed in the Church of England.

Canon 113

The only occasion in which the confidentiality of a confession is imposed as a duty by the Church of England seems to be in the canons that were made in 1603. Canon 113 deals with the suppression of evil deeds by the reporting thereof by the persons concerned with the administration of each parish. It provides for the presentment to the ordinary by parsons, vicars, or curates of the crimes and iniquities committed in the parish. It concludes with the following reservation:

There are two points to be observed in the canon: First, there is an express exemption from the duty of secrecy where such duty should conflict with one imposed by the civil power under a certain penalty. There does not appear to have been, in fact, at that time any law which made the mere concealment of any crime, including treason, an offence punishable with forfeiture of life. This in no way affects the principle laid down in the canon. The exemption is a marked departure from the pre-Reformation ecclesiastical law on the subject as shown by the pre-Reformation English canons and otherwise. Second, even apart from the exemption, the language used to declare the injunction bears a marked contrast to the language used to declare the secrecy in pre-Reformation days. It is evident that secrecy is not "quasi" of the essence of confession, as William Lyndwood had declared it to be at the time which he wrote. The notion of secrecy as explained by the Fourth Lateran Council, and the English Councils of Durham and Oxford - which made stringent decrees - seems to have been ended by the English Reformation.

It results from the Submission of the Clergy Act that a canon is void if it contravenes common or statute law, and, accordingly, it becomes void if at any subsequent period a statute inconsistent with it is passed. [As was held in the case of "R v. Dibdin" (Law Reports, 1910, Probate, 57)] It does not seem that there was in 1603 any statute to which canon 113 was necessarily contrariant or that any has been passed since. When we have to decide whether or not it conflicted with the common law it must be remembered that many items of the common law must have disappeared or have undergone considerable alteration by such a change in the whole national life as that which was caused by the English Reformation. Rules of canon law and certain precepts of the Church had, undoubtedly, formed some of the stones in the growing fabric of English common law. So, where the practices to which these rules or precepts applied were repudiated or considerably modified one must expect a corresponding cessation or modification of the common law relating to it. Of many such instances confession would be one. Even the established Church of England did not claim for confession absolute inviolability. That said, there has never been any legislation in England, one way or the other, about the disclosure in evidence of religious confession. If the privilege had ceased to be part of the common law, legislation would be necessary to re-establish it. If it survived in the common law it could only have done so through the allowance of it in the Church of England.

Today

Laws concerning Priest-penitent privilege differ from country to country and the practice of private confession in the Churches of the Anglican Communion is an important part of the faith for some church members, and totally ignored by others. There is a huge range of attitudes towards the practice. However, where it is practiced, there is an understanding among the clergy that there is an inviolable confidence between the individual priest and the penitent.

The 21st Century has presented its own set of problems and questions. The Church of England has found itself responding to social pressures for greater self-regulation of professions including such matters as a) good practice in pastoral and counseling relationships, b) dealing with data protection issues relating to the keeping of records and c) the importance of clergy being aware of legal obligations on them.cite web |url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/news/guidelines_for_the_professional_conduct_of_clergy.html |title=Guidelines for the professional conduct of clergy are published |accessdate=2007-10-12 |accessmonthday= |accessdaymonth= |accessyear= |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=18 February 2002 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= ] On the one hand privacy concerns in the secular world has meant that personal information is to be regarded as presumed confidential. On the other hand, child abuse awareness has meant that clergy must be aware when they are under a duty to disclose information, such as where the protection of children is involved. At the same time, the absolute confidentiality of the 'seal of the confessional' is upheld.

The "Book of Alternative Services of the Anglican Church of Canada" states: "The secrecy of a confession of sin is morally absolute for the confessor, and must under no circumstances be broken." (page 166)

However, the Church of England in Australia has allowed priests to report penitents' confesssions to the police if a crime has been comitted and there is a likelihood that the penitent will offend again.Fact|date=June 2008

ee also

* Seal of the Confessional and the Roman Catholic Church
* Seal of the Confessional and the Lutheran Church.
* Priest-penitent privilege in the UK

References

Further reading

Chronological order of publication (oldest first)

*cite book |last=Doe |first=Norman |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Canon Law in the Anglican Communion: A Worldwide Perspective |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |series= |date= |year=1998 |month= |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |language= |isbn=0198267827 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=434 |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote=

*cite journal |last=Harris-Abbott |first=Troy L. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= |month= |title=Canon Law in the Anglican Communion: A Worldwide Perspective by Norman Doe |journal=Journal of Law and Religion |volume=16 |issue=2 (2001) |pages= 331–339 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote=|doi=10.2307/1051658

*cite web |url= http://www.anglican.org.au/docs/BISClergyDisciplineReport2001.pdf |title= Report of the clergy discipline working group |accessdate=2007-10-12 |accessmonthday= |accessdaymonth= |accessyear= |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=23 March 2001 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= . This is a detailed legal analysis of the duties expected of a priest of the Anglican Church of Australia re the seal of the confessional and a confession of child sex abuse.

*cite web |url= http://www.anglican.org.au/docs/BISPrivateConfession%20080306.pdf |title= Private confession. Pastoral guidelines with special reference to child sexual abuse
accessdate=2007-10-12 |accessmonthday= |accessdaymonth= |accessyear= |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= 8 March 2006 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= . Detailed guidelines of the Anglican Church of Australia with regards to the seal of the confessional and child sex abuse.