Bluegill

:"For the exoatmospheric nuclear test, refer to Bluegill (nuclear test).Taxobox
name = Bluegill
status = secure

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image_width = 250px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Actinopterygii
ordo = Perciformes
familia = Centrarchidae
genus = "Lepomis"
species = "L. macrochirus"
binomial = "Lepomis macrochirus"
binomial_authority = Rafinesque, 1819The Bluegill ("Lepomis macrochirus") is a species of freshwater
fish sometimes referred to as bream, brim, or copper nose. It is a member of the sunfish family (family
Centrarchidae) of order Perciformes. It is nativeto a wide area of North America, from Québec to northern Mexico,and has been widely transplanted to stock game fish for anglers. It is commonly fished in Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin, Texas, and Louisiana, and is the state fish of the U.S. state of Illinois. It is renowned as an excellent tasting fish on par with Walleye.Fact|date=April 2007

Of tropical sunfish body shape, the bluegill's most notable feature is the blueor black "ear", actually an extension of the gill cover called the "opercular flap." Its name, however, comes from the bright blue edging visible on its gill rakers. It can be distinguished from similar species by the (not always pronounced) vertical bars along its flanks. The bluegill grows to a maximum overall length of approximately 40 cm (16 in).

Bluegills are popular game fish, caught with live bait, flies, hot dogs, raw chicken or other lures, chiefly at dawn and dusk. One of the easiest baits to use for them is white bread or a corn kernel!. Another efficient bait would be redworms or waxworms on ice jigs. They are noted for seeking out underwater vegetation for cover; their natural diet consists largely of small invertebrates and very small fish. The Bluegill itself is also occasionally used as bait for larger game fish species such as blue catfish and largemouth bass. The bluegill is a schooling fish with schools of 20–30 individuals. These fish spawn in June in nests in the shallows. During this period males assume a very bold coloration, as they are guarding their nests. An interesting piece of their biology is that some males assume the coloration of the female fish so that the nest guarding males won't show aggression towards them. Then these "sneaker" males enter nests and spawn. Because of their size and the method of cooking them, bluegills are often called panfish. Bluegills are excellent fish to teach children angling. [http://www.idfishnhunt.com/warmwatermenu2.html] [http://lists.in.gov/pipermail/wildbulletin/2005-May/000142.html] , largemouth bass, and turtles prey upon bluegill.This makes them excellent bait for catching catfish though you must properly cut them to fit the anglers size hook or the anglers intended sized fish.

In some locations where it has been transplanted, it is considered a pest:trade in the species is prohibited in Germany and Japan. In the case of Japan, bluegill were presented to the crown prince, Akihito in 1960 as a gift by Richard J. Daley, mayor of Chicago. The prince, in turn, donated the fish to fishery research agencies in Japan from which they escaped, becoming an invasive species which has wreaked havoc with native species. The emperor has apologized. [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/japan/story/0,,2217425,00.html "Japan in culinary offensive to stop spread of US fish"] report by Justin McCurry from Tokyo in "The Guardian" November 26, 2007]

The specific epithet, "macrochirus," derives from the Greek "μακρός" (long) and "χείρ" (hand).

Role in human water supply

The cities of San Francisco, New York, and Washington have utilized bluegills for monitoring their water supply from nonbiological toxicants such as pesticides, mercury, cyanide, heavy metals, fuel spills and phosphates. Fish cough by flexing their gills to expel unwelcome particles, like grains of sand, from their breathing passages. Sensitive instruments listen for unusual amounts of coughing. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/09/06/MNG77L01H61.DTL] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5360612.stm] The American Army has given this device the commercial name "1090 Intelligent Aquatic BioMonitoring System".

References

* FishBase: [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?genusname=Lepomis&speciesname=macrochirus "Lepomis macrochirus"]
* ITIS: [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=168141 "Lepomis macrochirus"]
* Parr, Cyndy Sims. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepomis_macrochirus.html Lepomis macrochirus: Information] . "Animal Diversity Web." Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2002.
* Fish anatomy
* Maryann Mott. [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060928-bluegill-fish.html 'Bluegill Fish Monitor Water Supplies for Terrorist Attacks, Contamination]
*

*cite book |last=Rice |first=F. Philip |title=America's Favorite Fishing-A Complete Guide to Angling for Panfish |year=1964 |publisher=Harper Row |location=New York

*cite book |last=Rice |first=F. Philip |title=Panfishing |year=1984 |publisher=Stackpole Books |location=New York |isbn=0-943822-25-4

*cite book |last=Malo |first=John |title=Fly-Fishing for Panfish |publisher=Dillon Press Inc. |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |year=1981 |isbn=0875182089