Askari

Askari is an Arabic, Turkish, Somali, Persian, and Swahili word meaning "soldier" ( _ar. عسكري "‘askarī"). It was normally used to describe indigenous troops in East Africa and the Middle East serving in the armies of European colonial powers. The designation can however also describe police, gendarmerie and security guards. [ [http://kamusiproject.org/cgi-bin/main.cgi?right_frame_src=http%3A//www.kamusiproject.org/cgi-bin/lookup.cgi%3FWord%3Daskari%26EngP%3D0%26SUBMIT2%3DLook+Up]
Kamusi Project]

During the period of European rule in East Africa locally recruited askari soldiers were employed by the Italian, British, Portuguese, German and Belgian colonial forces. They played a crucial role in the initial conquest of the various colonial possessions and subsequently served as garrison and internal security forces. During both World Wars askari units served outside the boundaries of their colonies of origin.

British Empire

The British Imperial British East African Company raised units of askari from amongst the Swahili, Sudanese and Somali peoples. There was no official uniform, nor standardised weaponry. Many of the askaris campaigned in their native dress. Officers wore civilian clothes. From 1895 the British askaris were organised into a regular, uniformed force called the East African Rifles, later part of the King's African Rifles. [Amies of the 19thC East Africa Chris Peer, Foundry books 2003]

German Empire

The German Colonial Army ("Schutztruppe") of the German Empire employed native African troops with European officers and NCOs in its colonies. The main concentration of such locally recruited troops was in German East Africa (now Tanzania.) Formed in 1881 after the transfer of the "Wissmanntruppe" (raised in 1889 to suppress the Abushiri) to German imperial control. Although the first Askaris formed in East Africa were by DAOG ("Deutsche Ost-Afrika Gesellschaft" - the German East Africa Company) in about 1888. Originally drawn from Sudanese mercenaries, the German askaris were subsequently recruited from the Wahehe and Angoni tribal groups. They were harshly disciplined (as all German troops of that time) but well paid (on a scale twice that of their British counterparts in the King's African Rifles) and highly trained by German cadres who were themselves subject to a rigorous selection process. Prior to 1914 the basic "Schutztruppe" unit in East Africa was the "feldkompagnie" comprising seven or eight German officers and NCOs with between 150 and 200 askaris (usually 160) - including two machine gun teams. Such small independent commands were often supplemented by tribal irregulars or "ruga-ruga".

They were successfully used in German East Africa where 11,000 askaris, porters and their European officers commanded by Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck managed to resist numerically superior British, Portuguese and Belgian colonial forces until the end of World War I in 1918.

The Weimar Republic provided pension payments to the German Askaris. Due to interruptions during the worldwide depression and World War II, the parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) voted in 1964 to fund the back pay of the askaris still alive. The West German embassy at Dar es Salaam identified approximately 350 ex-askaris and set up a temporary cashiers office at Mwanza on Lake Victoria. Only a few claimants could produce the certificates given to them in 1918; others provided pieces of their old uniforms as proof of service. The German banker who had brought the money came up with an idea: as each claimant stepped forward he was handed a broom and ordered in German to perform the manual of arms. Not one of them failed the test. [Miller, Charles. "Battle for the Bundu: The First World War in German East Africa". London: Macdonald & Jane's, 1974; and New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1974, p. 333. ISBN 0025849301]

Nazi Germany

During WWII, Germans used the term Askari for Soviet deserters or prisoners who switched sides and collaborated with them. [http://books.google.com/books?id=ilnACY97x4kC&pg=PA191&dq=Warsaw+Ghetto+askari&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=S4WnsXbZ4s2teGp3O-y7CmAuhfw] [http://books.google.com/books?id=9ziQ9US5VnQC&pg=PA126&dq=askaris+german+lithuanian&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=OjZtutehGfwLh_Ank4BwJVbbz00] [http://books.google.com/books?id=uf1rdNyUwRQC&pg=PA153&dq=askaris+german+lithuanian&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=TGE5flj2JcRr_cY02Df_37IxGeI]

Italian Empire

The Italian army also employed native troops in Italian East Africa. These forces comprised infantry, cavalry and some light artillery units. They were recruited initially from Eritreans and subsequently Somalis, with Italian officers and some NCOs. The Italian askaris fought in the First Italo–Ethiopian War, Italian-Turkish War, Second Italo-Abyssinian War and World War II (East African Campaign). Out of a total of 256,000 Italian troops serving in Italian East Africa in 1940, about 182,000 were recruited from Eritrea, Somalia and the recently occupied (1935-36) Ethiopia. In January 1941, British Commonwealth forces invaded Ethiopia and the majority of the newly recruited Ethiopian askaris serving with the Italian Army in East Africa deserted. Most of the Eritrean askaris remained loyal until the Italian surrender four months later.

panish Colonies

As noted above "askari" was normally a designation used in East Africa. Exceptionally though, the term "askari" was also used by the Spanish colonial government in North-West Africa, in respect not of their regular Moroccan troops (see regulares), but a locally recruited gendarmerie force raised in Spanish Morocco in 1913 and known as the "Mehal-la Jalifianas". This was the equivalent of the better known Goumiers employed in French Morocco. Indigenous members of the Tropas Nomadas or desert police serving in the Spanish Sahara were also designated as "askaris".

Iraq War

Ugandan private security guards for American installations in Iraq are also designated as askari. Guards were to receive $1,000 monthly salary and an $80,000 bonus if shot, but many have complained that the money was not paid or unfair fees assessed. The guards work for recruiting agencies such as Askar Security Services, which are hired by Beowulf International, a receiving company in Iraq, which subcontracts their services to EOD Technologies, an American company hired by the U.S. Department of Defense to provide security guards for Camp Victory in Baghdad. A Beowulf representative said that 400 of the workers "had impressed the US Army with their skill and experience", but complained that some of the workers lacked police or security experience and "didn't even know how to hold a gun". At least eleven other Ugandan recruiters include Dresak International and Connect Financial Services. [cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200708171168.html|title=Uganda: Askaris in Iraq Ripped Off|publication=New Vision|date=2007-08-12]

Other uses

*In apartheid South Africa, Askari was the term given to guerrillas who were captured by the South African army and 'turned' or converted into spies or soldiers for the apartheid regime.

*Askari can also mean "spear bearer".

*Older bull elephants which break away from the herd often form the nucleus of "bachelor herds" with one or a number of younger males. These younger males are referred to as 'askari' (both for singular elephants and groups of elephants).

* Askari are a minor class of creature in the African/tropical-themed ' and ' (and later "Time Spiral") expansion sets of the collectable card game "" [cite web| title = Gatherer search | publisher = Wizards Of The Coast | url = http://ww2.wizards.com/gatherer/index.aspx?term=askari&Field_Name=on&Field_Rules=on&Field_Type=on&setfilter=All%20sets| accessdate = 2007-07-05] .

*Askari, could refer to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DST_International] DST international's market risk management tool

ee also

* Force Publique (Belgian Congo)
* Tirailleurs (French Africa)
* colonial troops
* USS "Askari" (ARL-30)

References

* [http://www.comandosupremo.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=321&sid=9fbd8bcaedb9737d837dc9183fde7cf4 Comando Supremo]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/06/africa_africa0s_world_war_ii_veterans/html/1.stm African World War II Veterans]
* Histoire de la Force Publique (History of the Force Publique) by Lieutenant-General Emile Janssens, Wasmael-Chalier of Namur in 1979