Portrayals of Mormons in popular media

Mormons have been portrayed in popular media many times. Frequently the portrayals have been the cause of controversy, with Mormons viewing the portrayals as unflattering and erroneous.

In the 19th and 20th centuries

Arthur Conan Doyle's detective novel "A Study in Scarlet" is one such portrayal that caused controversy. Mormons viewed the portrayal of the Danites in the book as highly erroneous, being yet another instance of anti-Mormon antagonism in popular media. Conan Doyle, according to his daughter, had relied upon what had been published about Mormons by former Mormons (historians believing these probably to be Fannie Stenhouse, William A. Hickman, William Jarman, John Hyde, and Ann Eliza Young), believing those accounts to be factual. Conan Doyle visited the United States in 1923, and one leg of his lecture tour took him to the University of Utah, to lecture on spiritualism. During his stay he received a letter from a Dr. G. Hodgson Higgins, who had formed his impressions of Mormonism based upon the portrayal in "A Study in Scarlet", which "gave the impression that murder was a common practice among them", and who suggested that Conan Doyle "express his regret at having propagated falsehoods about the Mormon Church and people". Conan Doyle refused to withdraw what he had written about the Danites and the murders, on the grounds that it was a matter of historical record, but stated that his treatment in the novel was more "lurid" than the treatment by a history textbook would have been, and promised that in the future his portrayals of the Latter-day Saints would be based upon his firsthand experience of them on his visit. Subsequent Mormon characters in Conan Doyle's work were indeed more sympathetic. [cite news|title=Conan Doyle's Tale of Mormonism Had Utah Faithful Seeing Scarlet|author=Harold Schindler|date=1994-10-04|publisher=Salt Lake Tribune|url=http://www.adherents.com/lit/article_Doyle.html]

Jules Verne's classic novel "Around the World in 80 Days" references a "Mormon Elder" who launches into a diatribe about his religion in a railcar where passengers Phileas Fogg, Detective Fix, Princess Auooda, and Passepartout become a captive audience. Verne follows the 19th century propensity to stereotypically view polygamy as central to Mormonism, going so far as to call it, "the sole basis of the religion."

Portrayals of Mormons and of Mormonism in movies have also drawn criticism, with critics such as d'Arc describing the bulk of what the world heard of Mormons in the 19th and early 20th century, via the literature of the day, as "polygamy, mystic revelations to modern prophets, golden bibles, and scheming missionaries adding continually to their harem of wives", and stating that that this portrayal found its way into movies. He gives two examples of the films from 1905 to 1936 that incorporate this: the 1911 Danish film "A Victim of the Mormons"fn|1, where a young Mormon missionary in Copenhagen lures the fianceé of a close friend to elope with him to Utah, whereupon he locks her in his basement (a film whose showing Governor of Utah William Spry fought to prevent); and the 1917 film "A Mormon Maid"fn|2, incorporating what d'Arc describes as "the innocent-daughter-catching-the-eye-of-powerful-Mormon-leader formula". D'Arc argues that the reason that such portrayals became sparse in the 1930s was the introduction of the Hays and later Breen regulatory codes, which sharply curtailed the portrayal of polygamy in movies. [cite news|url=http://www.sunstoneonline.com/magazine/searchable/Issue4.asp#Page11|title=The Saints on Celluloid: The Making of the Movie "Brigham Young"|author=James V. d'Arc|publisher=Sunstone Magazine|issue=4|date=Fall 1976]

Portrayals of Mormon characters in popular writing have not been universally viewed as negative by Mormons. The portrayals of Mormons in the work of Orson Scott Card have been viewed as sympathetic portrayals of the Mormon world view that reach hundreds of thousands of readers worldwide, and thus that form a useful starting point for Mormons to explain Mormonism to non-Mormons. Similarly, the portrayals of Mormons and of Mormonism presented by Charles Dickens (describing the industrious, orderly nature of the Mormon emigrants he encountered on a ship leaving England), John Stuart Mill (using Mormon beliefs as test cases for his assertion that government should not interfere in the private lives of individuals), George Bernard Shaw (carrying Mill's argument further), Wallace Stegner (in "The Gathering of Zion"), and Harold Bloom (extolling Mormonism as the quintessential American Religion and Joseph Smith as "an authentic religious genius, unique in our national history") are all seen to be sympathetic to Mormons.cite conference|url=http://mldb.byu.edu/austin01.htm|title=The Function of Mormon Literary Criticism at the Present Time|author=Michael Austin|date=1994|conference=Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association Conference|booktitle=Annual of the Association for Mormon Letters]

Mormon literary critics such as Michael Austin consider the portrayal of Mormons in popular writing to have completely changed over the course of the 20th century, with the portrayal of Mormonism in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century being that of "a harsh, theocratic, and conspiratorial frontier community" and "a sinister secret society bent on tracking down and destroying its enemies wherever in the world they tried to hide" and of Mormons being icons of lawlessness, chaos, and sexual promiscuity, conceptions of Mormons and Mormonism that he views to have been incorporated into the works of Mark Twain, Robert Louis Stevenson, Jack London, Arthur Conan Doyle, and Zane Grey (and even the 1995 made-for-TV movie "The Avenging Angel"fn|3); whereas the portrayal at the end of the 20th century, in works by writers from Tom Clancy to Tony Kushner, being that of people who are "hyperobedient, patriotic, conservative, and, in all probability, sexually repressed". He argues that although the portrayal has changed, its relation to mainstream society has not. In both cases, the portrayal of Mormons and Mormonism is highly distinct from the mainstream, he argues, with the 19th century portrayal being in stark contrast to the Victorian values of the time, and the late 20th century portrayal being (ironically) that of a "Victorian misfit in a promiscuous society". He argues that the rôle of Mormons and Mormonism in popular writing is "to establish a foil for the [mainstream] values supported in the text".

After a lengthy analysis of Mormon stereotypes in popular fiction, Austin draws the following conclusions: [cite paper|title=Mormon Stereotypes in Popular Fiction: 1979-1998|author=Michael Austin|work=Mormonism in Popular Literature Bibliography|url=http://www.adherents.com/lit/austin_lds_poplit.html]
* To the extent that popular literature is able to reflect popular sentiment, Mormons are not as well perceived in the larger American culture as most people would like to believe.
* Most of these negative images have been fixed since the 19th century.
* These stereotypes should not be confused with genuine political critique.
* By studying the way that Mormons are portrayed in popular genre fiction insight can be gained into the way that Mormonism functions as a category in American culture.

In the 21st century

Positive portrayal of Mormons in popular media is still seen by Mormons as rare in the 21st century, with most portrayals being viewed as "usually just polygamy jokes for a cheap laugh, or the 'hip' thing nowadays — gay Mormon missionaries.", although commentators have observed that the negative portrayal of Mormons is not as bad as the negative portrayal of the Roman Catholic priesthood both before and after the Roman Catholic sex abuse cases. [cite web|url=http://baronofdeseret.typepad.com/baronblog/2004/04/conference_repo.html|author=|title=Notes From April 2006 General Conference — Saturday|date=2006-04-04|work=The Baron of Deseret]

"Big Love"

The HBO show "Big Love" stars Bill Paxton as Bill Henrickson, a modern-day polygamist who lives in suburban Salt Lake City with his three wives and seven children. Commentators such as Jesella and Ryan point out that polygamy was banned by the LDS Church "more than 100 years ago" and is against the law in Utah, the state where the show is set; and that the family explicitly isn't Mormon, with a statement to that effect preceding the first episode, but is presented as "being some sort of cult-like offshoot of the church". [cite news|url=http://www.alternet.org/sex/33299/|title=Is Three Wives a Crowd?|author=Kara Jesella|publisher=AlterNet|date=2006-03-10] [cite news|publisher=The Chicago Tribune|title=It's hard out here for a polygamist: "Big Love"|date=2006-03-09|author=Maureen Ryan|url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/television_review_/index.html] Other commentators have simply described the Henricksons as a "Mormon family" and left it to others to draw the distinction. [cite web|url=http://chutry.wordherders.net/archives/005504.html|title=TV Reads|author="Chuck Tryon"|date=2006-02-24|work=the chutry experiment] The show has caused controversy, with Mormons and Church leaders reacting to what they perceive as being a veiled stereotype. The LDS Church released an official statement saying: [cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4788982.stm|title=Polygamy drama debuts on US TV|author=Peter Bowes|location=Los Angeles|publisher=BBC News|date=2006-03-10] [cite news|url=http://www.lds.org/newsroom/mistakes/0,15331,3885-1-22339,00.html|title="Church Responds to Questions on HBO's Big Love|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|publisher=lds.org|date=2006-03-06] :The Church has long been concerned about the continued illegal practice of polygamy, and, in particular, about reports of child and wife abuse emanating from polygamous communities today. It will be regrettable if this program, by making polygamy the subject of entertainment, minimizes the seriousness of the problem. Placing the series in Salt Lake City, the international headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is enough to blur the line between the modern Church and the program's subject matter, and to reinforce old and long-outdated stereotypes. "Big Love", like so much other television programming, is essentially lazy and indulgent entertainment that does nothing for our society and will never nourish great minds.HBO defended its show, asserting that its portrayal of the characters as outside of the LDS Church and continually having to hide their status from other people actually helps to educate non-Mormons about Mormonism, with Carolyn Strauss, president of HBO Entertainment, saying::It is interesting how many people are ignorant about the Mormon church and think that the Mormon church actually does condone polygamy. So in an odd way, the show is sort of beneficial in drawing that distinction.

"Cold Case"

The portrayal of Mormons in "Cold Case" has also drawn criticism, for being disrespectful. Chris Hicks has criticised the show for being an example of the unequal treatment of Mormons, stating that where insane people of other religions are portrayed in television drama, pains are taken to point out as part of the plot that they are "non-practicing", yet no such pains are taken when it comes to Mormons; and that instead the faith is seen as directly related to the insanity of one character. He also expressed concerns that the temple garments of Mormons did not receive the same sympathetic dramatic treatment or respect as do the sacred symbols of other religions. [cite news|title=TV portrayal of Mormons mean, callous|author=Chris Hicks|publisher=Deseret Morning News|date=2005-06-05|url=http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,600131613,00.html]

"South Park"

Commentators have been surprised by the portrayal of Mormons in "South Park". Mormon commentators have described it as "unexpectedly, our best treatment". In "South Park", whilst Mormon characters are "generally pollyannas with bike helmets and missionary tags", and an entire episode, "All About Mormons", is devoted to lampooning Joseph Smith, Jr. and the founding of the religion, the portrayal is considered to be generally positive. In "South Park" it is only the Mormons who "got it right" and who go to Heaven after death and all adherents of other religions go to Hell, though this 'reversal of fortune' is likely just a literary device for giving debates of religious salvation a humorously ironic twist, rather than a meaningful endorsement of Mormonism (note creator Trey Parker's parodic portrayal of a Mormon character in "Orgazmo"). And the Mormon characters in the series are the only ones who commentators view to be "consistently compassionate, or even courteous". [cite web|title=Trapped By the Mormons|author=Serenity Valley|date=2006-05-29|url=http://ldsliberationfront.net/?p=168] [cite web|title=South Park Mormonism|athor=Steve Evans|date=2006-06-03|url=http://www.bycommonconsent.com/2006/06/south-park-mormonism/]

"Latter Days"

In 2003, the film "Latter Days", a gay romantic drama involving a gay LDS missionary, received mixed reviewscite url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/latter_days/|title="Latter Days" reviews|accessdate=2008-06-29|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes] , and was banned in some movie theaters.cite web|url=http://www.moviecitynews.com/Notepad/2004/040120_pr.html|title=NATIONAL THEATER CHAIN SAYS “NO” TO LATTER DAYS.|publisher=MCN Press Release|date=2004-01-20|accessdate=2006-12-18] The film, set in Los Angeles, California, portrays the seduction of Aaron Davis, an LDS missionary, by Christian Markelli, a party animal who falls in love with him.

ee also

*Mormonism and Christianity
*Mountain Meadows massacre and the media

References

Further reading

* — Day, d'Arc, and Lambert analyse the portrayals of Mormons in the visual arts, film, and fiction, respectively.
* — Helman and Paulson report on attempts using popular media to demystify Mormons and Mormonism to non-Mormons, aimed at countering "the nearly two centuries of prejudice against Mormonism" and at paving the way for Mitt Romney to run for United States President in 2008.
* [http://www.ldsfilm.com/lds_chars.html Latter-day Saint Characters in Media] — a web site listing movies and television shows that have major characters that are Mormons
* — a discussion of the best and worst portrayals of Mormons and Mormonism in popular fiction, from Conan Doyle's perceived use of the "Evil Mormon" stock character to Robert A. Heinlein's "Sixth Column" where Mormons are portrayed as "good practical people who are religious, but who are also kind of opportunistic (religiously speaking) and, therefore, perfect for the heroes' plan"
* — Evans prescribes ways for Mormons to address what they consider to be negative portrayals of Mormons in popular media, opining that such portrayals are "ultimately [...] the cost of doing business as the restored Gospel" and "should receive their proper level of attention on [Mormons' parts] : that is, none at all". Evans exhorts "Let us not respond to evil by debasing ourselves with plaintive campaigns or angry rebuttals; rather, show people what our religion is really about by being the same kind, fun, interesting people we've always been. If people ask you about the book? Yawn, and respond that people are always saying crazy stuff about the mormons."

Footnotes

* imdb title|id=0361094|title=A Victim of the Mormons
* imdb title|id=0008319|title=A Mormon Maid
* imdb title|id=0112423|title=The Avenging Angel