Tadamichi Kuribayashi

Infobox Military Person
name=Tadamichi Kuribayashi
lived=7 July 1891 - c. 23 March 1945
placeofbirth=Nagano Prefecture, Japan
placeofdeath=Iwo Jima, Japan


caption=Lt. General Tadamichi Kuribayashi
nickname=
allegiance=Empire of Japan
branch=
serviceyears=1914 - 1945
rank=General
unit=109th Division, Ogasawara Army Group
commands=
battles=World War II
- Battle of Hong Kong
- Battle of Iwo Jima
family= Taro Kuribayashi (son)
awards= Order of the Rising Sun with Gold and Silver Star (2nd class),
Order of the Rising Sun Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon (3rd class),
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure
laterwork=
General nihongo|Tadamichi Kuribayashi|栗林忠道|Kuribayashi Tadamichi|extra=7 July 1891 in Nagano Prefecture, Japan – 23 March 1945 on Iwo Jima, Japan was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, best known for his role as overall commander of the Japanese garrison during most of the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II.

His name became well-known outside of Japan in the 2006 movie "Letters from Iwo Jima", where he was portrayed by actor Ken Watanabe.

Biography

Life before the war

Kuribayashi was born into a low class samurai family in Hanishina District Nagano prefecture. Although he had originally aspired to be a journalist, Kuribayashi was persuaded by his high school teachers to join the Imperial Japanese Army.

Kuribayashi graduated from Nagano Highschool in 1911 and from the 26th class of Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1914, where he had specialized in cavalry, and he continued on to the Army's Cavalry School in 1918. In 1923 he graduated from the 35th class of the Army War College with splendid marks and received a military sabre from the Taisho Emperor. Kuribayashi married Yoshie Kuribayashi in December of that year. Together they had three daughters and a son.

Kuribayashi was designated as deputy military attaché to Washington DC in 1928. For two years Kuribayashi traveled across the United States, conducting extensive military and industrial research. For a short time he studied at Harvard University. He accurately evaluated the overwhelming industrial capacity of the United States. In one of his letters to his family he said, "It is desperate to enter the war with the USA." After returning to Tokyo he was promoted to the rank of major and appointed as the first Japanese military attaché to Canada in 1931. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1933. [Ammenthorp, The Generals of World War II]

During his services in Imperial Japanese Army General Staff in Tokyo from 1933-1937 he wrote lyrics for several martial songs. In 1940 Kuribayashi was promoted to major general.

Pacific War

In December 1941, Kuribayashi was ordered into the field as the Chief of Staff of the Japanese 23rd Army in the Invasion of Hong Kong. In 1943, he was promoted to lieutenant general, and reassigned to be commander of the 2nd Imperial Guards Division, which was primarily a reserve and training division. On 27 May 1944, he became commander of the IJA 109th Division. Just two weeks later, on 8 June, he received orders signed by Prime Minister Hideki Tojo to defend the strategically located island of Iwo Jima in the Bonin Islands chain. He was accorded the honor of a personal audience with Emperor Hirohito on the eve of his departure.

Kuribayashi led a force of 21,000 men without air or naval support against the United States invasion force of 100,000. In the ensuing battle almost all Japanese soldiers fought to the death. Only 216 surrendered. Kuribayashi died near the end of the battle and has since been recognized by the Japanese government for his dedication in commanding the staunch defense of the island against overwhelming odds, with the certain knowledge that he and his men would perish in the inevitable defeat.

Kuribayashi sent many letters home to his family prior to the engagement. The letters remain a valuable chronicle of the time.

His wife Yoshie was only about 40 when Kuribayashi died on Iwo Jima at the age of 53, and she subsequently worked hard to bring up their children without a father. It was reported that she once saw Kuribayashi returning home in a dreamFact|date=February 2008. Many years later, she would visit Iwo Jima to commemorate her fallen husband.

Battle of Iwo Jima

Kuribayashi recognized that, without possibility of re-supply, reinforcement, naval support, or air support, he would not be able to hold Iwo Jima against the overwhelmingly superior military forces of the United States. But loss of Iwo Jima would place all of Japan within range of American strategic bombers, so Kuribayashi determined to make the fall of Iwo Jima as late as possible and planned a campaign of attrition, by which he hoped to inflict such severe losses on the Americans that they would reconsider the planned invasion of the Japanese mainland.

Kuribayashi had studied other American assaults carefully and decided not to contest seriously the Allied beach landings. Instead, defense of Iwo Jima would be fought almost entirely from underground.

The Japanese honeycombed the island with more than 18 kilometers (11 miles) of tunnels, 5,000 caves, and pillboxes. Kuribayashi also instructed his troops that each man should kill ten of the enemy before dying, and he strictly forbade the banzai charge, which he viewed as ineffective. His men proceeded with the "silent" charge, which confused the Americans, who were accustomed to the traditional loud "banzai" charge, as in the Battle of Saipan.

Kuribayashi addressed his soldiers

" We will defend this island to the limit of our strength.

We will take bombs and throw ourselves under the tanks to destroy them.

We will infiltrate enemy's lines and exterminate them.

We will shoot at each one deadly shot.

We will never be killed before killing ten enemy soldiers .

We will harass the enemy with guerilla actions until the last of us"

Kuribayashi's death remains a mystery. His men provided contradictory reports and his remains could not be traced. He was most likely killed in action upon leading the final assault. The general's body could not be identified afterwards for he had taken off his rank badge to fight as a regular soldier. Less credible theories of his death include suicide (seppuku).

The US declared Iwo Jima secure on 26 March 1945, after 6,821 U.S. Marines were killed and 19,189 wounded. Only 216 of the approximately 21,000 Japanese defenders survived to be captured.

Portrayal in film

Kuribayashi is portrayed by actor Ken Watanabe in "Letters from Iwo Jima", a film directed by Clint Eastwood about the Battle of Iwo Jima largely from the Japanese perspective. The film was released in December 2006. Eastwood also directed a precursor, "Flags of Our Fathers", which told the story of the Battle of Iwo Jima largely from the American perspective. It was released in October 2006.

A tentative title for "Letters from Iwo Jima" was "Lamps Before the Wind", taken from a line in a letter from Kuribayashi to his son, Taro: "The life of your father is just like a lamp before the wind." [James Bradley, "Flags of Our Fathers", page 148]

References

*
*cite book
last = Kuribayashi
first = Tadamichi
coauthors = Yoshida, T.
year = 1992
title = Gyokusai Soshireikan" no Etegami (Picture Letters from Commander in Chief)
publisher = Shogakukan
location = Tokyo
id = ISBN 4-09-402676-2 ja icon
*cite book
last = Fuller
first = Richard
coauthors =
year = 1992
title = Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai
publisher = Arms and Armor
location = London
id = ISBN 1-85409-151-4
*cite book
last = Leckie
first = Robert
origyear = 1967
year = 2005
title = The Battle for Iwo Jima
publisher = ibooks, Inc
location = New York
isbn = 1590192419
oclc = 56015751
*cite book
last = Morison
first = Samuel Eliot
authorlink = Samuel Eliot Morison
origyear = 1970
year = 2002
title = Victory in the Pacific, 1945, "vol. 14 of "History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
publisher = University of Illinois Press
location = Urbana, Ill.
isbn = 0252070658
oclc = 49784806
*cite book
last = Newcomb
first = Richard F.
authorlink = Richard Newcomb
coauthors = Harry Schmidt
origyear = 1965
year = 2002
title = Iwo Jima
publisher = Owl Books
location = New York
isbn = 0805070710
oclc = 48951047
*cite book
last = Wright
first = Derrick
origyear = 1999
year = 2007
title = The Battle of Iwo Jima 1945
publisher = Sutton Publishing
location = Stroud
isbn = 0750945443
oclc = 67871973

External links

*cite web
last = Ammenthorp
first = Steen
url = http://www.generals.dk/general/Kuribayashi/Tadamichi/Japan.html
title = Kuribayashi Tadamichi, General
work = The Generals of World War II
*cite web
last = Chen
first = Peter
url = http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=A21
title = Tadamichi Kuribayashi
work = WW2 Database

Notes