Horst-Wessel-Lied

Horst Wessel

The Horst-Wessel-Lied ("Horst Wessel Song"), also known as Die Fahne hoch ("The Flag On High") from its opening line, was the anthem of the Nazi Party from 1930 to 1945. From 1933 to 1945 the Nazis made it a co-national anthem of Germany, along with the first stanza of the Deutschlandlied.^[1]

The lyrics were written in 1929 by Horst Wessel, commander of the SA in the Friedrichshain district of Berlin. Wessel was murdered by an unknown assailant, possibly a Communist party member, in February 1930, and Joseph Goebbels made him a martyr of the Nazi movement. The song was first performed at Wessel's funeral, and was thereafter extensively used at party functions as well as being sung by the SA during street parades.

When Adolf Hitler became chancellor three years later, the Horst-Wessel-Lied was recognised as a national symbol by a law on May 19, 1933. The following year a regulation required the right arm raised in a "Hitler salute" when the first and fourth verses were sung. Nazi leaders can be seen singing the Horst-Wessel Lied at the finale of Leni Riefenstahl's 1935 film Triumph of the Will.

With the end of the Nazi regime in May 1945, the Horst-Wessel-Lied was banned, and the lyrics and tune are now illegal in Germany and Austria except for educational purposes. In early 2011, this resulted in an investigation against Amazon and Apple for selling the song to German users.^[2]

Lyrics

The words to the Horst-Wessel-Lied were published in September 1929 in the Nazi Party's Berlin newspaper, Der Angriff. They were attributed to "Der Unbekannte SA-Mann" ("the Unknown SA-Man"):

German original

English translation

Die Fahne hoch! Die Reihen fest geschlossen! SA marschiert mit ruhig, festem Schritt. Kam'raden, die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen, Marschier'n im Geist in unser'n Reihen mit. Die Straße frei den braunen Batallionen. Die Straße frei dem Sturmabteilungsmann! Es schau'n aufs Hakenkreuz voll Hoffnung schon Millionen. Der Tag für Freiheit und für Brot bricht an! Zum letzten Mal wird Sturmalarm geblasen! Zum Kampfe steh'n wir alle schon bereit! Bald flattern Hitlerfahnen über alle Straßen. Die Knechtschaft dauert nur noch kurze Zeit! Die Fahne hoch! Die Reihen fest geschlossen! SA marschiert mit ruhig-festem Schritt. Kameraden, die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen, Marschieren im Geist in unseren Reihen mit.

The banner high! The ranks are tightly closed! The SA march with calm, firm step. Comrades shot by the Reds and reactionaries March in spirit within our ranks. Clear the streets for the brown battalions, Clear the streets for the stormtrooper! Millions are inspired when they see the swastika, The day of freedom and of bread dawns! For the last time, the call to arms is sounded! For the fight, we all stand prepared! Soon Hitler's banners will fly over all streets. Our time of bondage is nearly over! The banner high! The ranks are tightly closed! The SA march with calm, firm step. Comrades shot by the Reds and reactionaries March in spirit within our ranks.

The Rotfront, or "Red Front," was the Rotfrontkämpferbund, the paramilitary organization of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). The Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA, also known as the "brown shirts") and the Communist Red Front fought each other in violent street confrontations, which grew into almost open warfare after 1930. The "reactionaries" were the conservative political parties and the liberal democratic German government of the Weimar Republic period, which made several unsuccessful attempts to suppress the SA. The "servitude" refers to the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, in which the victorious powers imposed huge reparations on Germany, stripped her of her colonies in Africa, Asia and the Pacific Ocean, some of which were mandated to the United States and the Empire of Japan, and gave parts of Germany to Belgium, Denmark, France, Poland, and Lithuania.

The line "Kameraden, die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen" is technically ambiguous. It could either mean Kameraden, die von Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen wurden ("Our comrades who were shot dead by the Red Front and Reactionaries") or Kameraden, welche die Erschießung von Rotfront und Reaktion durchführten ("Our comrades who have shot the Red Front and Reactionaries dead"). In spite of this obvious syntactic problem, which was mentioned by Victor Klemperer in his LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperii, the line was never changed.

Some changes were made to the lyrics after Wessel's death:

Stanza 1, line 2	SA marschiert mit mutig-festem Schritt	The stormtroopers march with bold, firm step.
	SA marschiert mit ruhig festem Schritt	The stormtroopers march with calm, firm step
Stanza 3, line 1	Zum letzten Mal wird nun Appell geblasen!	The call is sounded for the last time!
	Zum letzten Mal wird Sturmalarm geblasen!	The last sound to charge is blown!
Stanza 3, line 3	Bald flattern Hitlerfahnen über Barrikaden	Soon Hitler's banners will flutter above the barricades
	Schon (Bald) flattern Hitler-Fahnen über allen Straßen	Already (Soon) Hitler's banners will flutter above all streets

The dropping of the reference to "barricades" reflected the Nazi Party's desire in the period 1930-33 to be seen as a constitutional political party aiming at taking power by legal means rather than as a revolutionary party.

After Wessel's death, new stanzas were added, composed in his honour. These were frequently sung by the SA, but did not become part of the official lyrics used on party or state occasions.

Sei mir gegrüßt, Du starbst den Tod der Ehre! Horst Wessel fiel, doch tausend neu erstehen Es braust das Fahnenlied voran dem braunen Heere SA bereit, den Weg ihm nachzugehen Die Fahnen senkt vor Toten, die noch leben Es schwört SA, die Hand zur Faust geballt Einst kommt der Tag, da gibts Vergeltung, kein Vergeben wenn Heil und Sieg durchs Vaterland erschallt

Receive our salute; you died an honorable death! Horst Wessel fell, but thousands newly arise The anthem roars ahead of the brown army The stormtroopers ready to follow his path The flags sink before the dead who still live The stormtrooper swears, his hand balled into a fist, That the day will come for revenge, no forgiveness, When Heil and Sieg will ring through the fatherland.

Melody

After Wessel's death, he was officially credited with having composed the music, as well as having written the lyrics, for the Horst-Wessel-Lied. Between 1930 and 1933, however, German critics disputed this, pointing out that the melody had a long prior history. Such criticism became unthinkable after 1933.

The most likely immediate source for the melody was a song popular in the German Imperial Navy during World War I, which Wessel would no doubt have heard being sung by Navy veterans in the Berlin of the 1920s. The song was known either by its opening line as Vorbei, vorbei, sind all die schönen Stunden, or as the Königsberg-Lied, after the German cruiser Königsberg, which is mentioned in one version of the song's lyrics. The opening stanza of the song is:

Vorbei, vorbei sind all die schönen Stunden die wir verlebt am schönen Ostseestrand Wir hatten uns, ja uns so schön zusamm'n gefunden es war für uns der allerschönste Ort.

Gone, gone are all the happy hours that we spent on the beautiful Baltic shore. Things were so beautiful between us all and it was for us the finest place of all.

Another German song, Der Abenteurer (The Adventurer), begins:

Ich lebte einst im deutschen Vaterlande Bei goldner Freiheit achtzehn Jahr dahin. Da zog die Neubegierde mich zum Strande, Und ich bestieg ein Schiff mit frohem Sinn.

Once I lived in the German fatherland In golden freedom for eighteen years. Then curiosity lured me to the beach And I boarded a ship in cheerfulness.

In 1936, a German music critic, Alfred Weidemann, published an article in which he identified the melody of a song composed in 1865 by Peter Cornelius as the "Urmelodie" (source-melody). According to Weidemann, Cornelius described the tune as a "Viennese folk tune". This appeared to him to be the ultimate origin of the melody of the Horst-Wessel-Lied.^[3]

Other uses

During the 1930s and '40s, the Horst-Wessel-Lied was adapted by fascist groups in other European countries. One of the marching songs of the British Union of Fascists was set to the same tune, and its lyrics were to some extent modelled on the Horst-Wessel-Lied, though appealing to British Fascism. Its opening stanza was:

Comrades, the voices of the dead battalions,

Of those who fell, that Britain might be great,

Join in our song, for they still march in spirit with us,

And urge us on, to gain the fascist state!

In Spain, the Falange fascist movement sang to the same tune:

Por el honor, la Patria y la justicia, luchamos hoy en este amanecer. Y si la muerte llega y nos acaricia, ¡Arriba España! Diremos al caer.

For honor, Fatherland, and justice, we fight today in this dawn, And if death comes and embraces us, Long live Spain! we shall say in falling.

In Vichy France the fascists of the radical Milice sang:

Nous châtierons les juifs et les marxistes, Nous vengerons nos frères tués par eux, Afin que l'idéal national-socialiste Puisse être un jour fier et victorieux

We shall smite the Jews and the Marxists, We shall avenge our brothers killed by them, So that the National Socialist ideal Should one day be proud and victorious

The melody of the song was used various times in the Wolfenstein series of video games, which feature an Allied agent infiltrating Nazi German installations.

An uptempo version of the melody is played in the solo after the second chorus and before the bridge of Rahowa's song "Avenge Dresden."

Parodies

Before 1933, the German Communists and the Social Democrats sang parodies of the Horst-Wessel-Lied during their street battles with the SA. Some version simply changed the political character of the song:

Die Fahne hoch, die Reihen fest geschlossen Rotfront marschiert mit eisenfestem Schritt Genossen, die vom Stahlhelm Hakenkreuz erschossen Marschier'n im Geist in uns'ren Reihen mit.

The flag high! The ranks tightly closed! Red Front marches with iron-firm pace. Comrades, shot dead by the Steel Helmet Swastika March in spirit in our ranks.

The Stahlhelm, or "Steel Helmet," was a veterans's organisation closely aligned with the Nazis.

Others substituted completely new lyrics:

Ernst Thälmann ruft uns auf die Barrikaden! Bauer, steh auf! Erheb dich, Arbeitsmann Gewehre nehmt! Gewehre gut und scharf geladen! Tragt rote Fahnen hoch im Kampf voran!

Ernst Thälmann calls us to the barricades Farmer arise, workman lift yourself up To arms! Load the guns well with live ammunition Carry high red flags onward into the fight

Ernst Thälmann was the KPD leader.

These versions were banned once the Nazis came to power and the Communist and Social Democratic parties repressed, but during the years of the Third Reich the song was parodied in underground versions, poking fun at the corruption of the Nazi elite. One version went:

Die Preise hoch, die Läden dicht geschlossen Die Not marschiert und wir marschieren mit Frick, Joseph Goebbels, Schirach, Himmler und Genossen Die hungern auch doch nur im Geiste mit

The prices high, the shops tightly closed poverty marches and we march with it Frick, Joseph Goebbels, Schirach, Himmler and their comrades they go hungry as well, but only in spirit

Wilhelm Frick was the Interior Minister, Baldur von Schirach was the Hitler Youth leader and Heinrich Himmler was head of the SS and police.

In the first year of Nazi rule, radical elements of the SA sang their own parody of the song, reflecting their disappointment that the socialist element of National Socialism had not been realised^[4]:

Die Preise hoch, Kartelle fest geschlossen Das Kapital marschiert mit leisem Schritt. Die Börsianer sind nun Parteigenossen Und für das Kapital sorgt nun Herr Schmitt.

The prices high, the cartels are tightly closed Capital marches with a quiet step. The stockbrokers are now party comrades And capital is now protected by Herr Schmitt.

Kurt Schmitt was Economics Minister between 1933 and 1935.

Following the dismemberment and division of the Reich into occupation zones at the end of the World War II, with the eastern provinces annexed by Poland and the USSR and their millions of inhabitants driven from their homes into what remained of Germany, a version of 'Die Preise hoch' became popular in the Soviet zone, targeting Communist functionaries.^[5]:

Die Preise hoch die Läden fest geschlossen Die Not marschiert mit ruhig-festem Schritt. Es hungern nur die kleinen Volksgenossen, Die Großen hungern nur im Geiste mit.

The prices high, the shops are tightly closed Poverty marches with a quiet, firm step. Only the little folk are hungry The bigwigs hunger only in spirit.

Komm, Wilhelm Pieck, sei unser Gast Und gib, was du uns versprochen hast. Nicht nur Rüben, Kraut und Kohl Sondern was du isst, und Herr Grotewohl.

Come Wilhelm Pieck and be our guest And give to us what you promised us. Not just cabbage, kale and beet, But what you and Herr Grotewohl eat.

Wilhelm Pieck and Otto Grotewohl were leading German communists. The first two lines refer to a mealtime prayer: "Komm, Herr Jesus, sei Du unser Gast, und segne, was Du uns bescheret hast." / "Come, Lord Jesus, be our guest and bless what you have given us."

The most famous parody was composed by Oliver Wallace to a similar melody and titled Der Fuehrer's Face for the 1942 Donald Duck cartoon of the same name. It was the first hit record for Spike Jones.

See also

• Nazi songs
• Strafgesetzbuch
• "Cara al Sol"
• "Lied der Jugend" ("Dollfuß-Lied")
• "Maréchal, nous voilà !"

References

This entry draws significantly on the scholarly article by George Boderick, "The Horst-Wessel-Lied: A Reappraisal," International Folklore Review Vol. 10 (1995): 100-127, available online here.

1. ^ Geisler, p.71.
2. ^ Hannoversche Allgemeine - LKA ermittelt gegen Apple und Amazon, 3. February 2011
3. ^ Alfred Weidemann: Ein Vorläufer des Horst-Wessel-Liedes? In: Die Musik 28, 1936, S. 911f. Zitiert nach Wulf 1989, S. 270. Die Musik was published in Switzerland. Articles departing from the Nazi doctrine that Horst Wessel had originated both the lyrics and the tune could not be published in Nazi Germany.
4. ^ Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (Allen Lane 2006), 71
5. ^ Namark, N, The Russians In Germany - a history of the Soviet occupation 1945 - 1949

External links

• Text and melody (MID format), song (MP3 format)
• Text of the German Criminal Code §86 and §86a (in English)
• AFRIKAKORPS.Org / AANA Songs of the Desert
• Modern Parody