Particle-in-cell

The Particle-in-Cell (PIC) method refers to a technique used to solve a certain class of partial differential equations. In this method, individual particles (or fluid elements) in a Lagrangian frame are tracked in continuous phase space, whereas moments of the distribution such as densities and currents are computed simultaneously on Eulerian (stationary) mesh points.

PIC methods were already in use as early as 1955 [cite paper
author=F.H. Harlow
title=A Machine Calculation Method for Hydrodynamic Problems
publisher=Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LAMS-1956
date=1955] ,even before the first Fortran compilers were available. The method gained popularity for plasma simulation in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Buneman, Dawson, Hockney, Birdsall, Morse and others. In plasma physics applications, the method amounts to following the trajectories of charged particles in self-consistent electromagnetic (or electrostatic) fields computed on a fixed mesh. [cite journal
author=Dawson, J.M.
title=Particle simulation of plasmas
journal=Reviews of Modern Physics
date=1983
volume=55
pages=403
doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.55.403]

Technical aspects

For many types of problems, the PIC method is relatively intuitive and straightforward to implement. This probably accounts for much of its success, particularly for plasma simulation, for which the method typically includes the following procedures:
* Integration of the equations of motion.
* Interpolation of charge and current source terms to the field mesh.
* Computation of the fields on mesh points.
* Interpolation of the fields from the mesh to the particle locations.

Models which include interactions of particles only through the average fields are called PM (particle-mesh). Those which include direct binary interactions are PP (particle-particle). Models with both types of interactions are called PP-PM or P³M.

Since the early days, it has been recognized that the PIC method is susceptible to error from so-called "discrete particle noise". [cite journal
author=Hideo Okuda
title=Nonphysical noises and instabilities in plasma simulation due to a spatial grid
journal=Journal of Computational Physics
date=1972
volume=10
pages=475
doi=10.1016/0021-9991(72)90048-4] This error is statistical in nature, and today it remains less-well understood than for traditional fixed-grid methods, such as Eulerian or semi-Lagrangian schemes.

Applications

Within plasma physics, PIC simulation has been used successfully to study laser-plasma interactions, electron acceleration and ion heating in the auroral ionosphere, magnetohydrodynamics, magnetic reconnection, as well as ion-temperature-gradient and other microinstabilities in tokamaks.

PIC simulations have also been applied outside of plasma physics to problems in solid and fluid mechanics. [ cite book
last = Liu
first = G.R.
coauthors = M.B. Liu
title = Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics: A Meshfree Particle Method
publisher = World Scientific
date = 2003
id = ISBN 981-238-456-1]

See also

* Plasma modeling

References

* cite book
last = Birdsall
first = Charles K.
coauthors = A. Bruce Langdon
title = Plasma Physics via Computer Simulation
publisher = McGraw-Hill
date = 1985
id = ISBN 0-07-005371-5

* cite book
last = Hockney
first = Roger W.
coauthors = James W. Eastwood
title = Computer Simulation Using Particles
publisher = CRC Press
date = 1988
id =ISBN 0852743920

External links

* [http://ptsg.eecs.berkeley.edu/ Plasma Theory and Simulation Group (Berkeley)] Contains links to freely-available software.

* [http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/329/lectures/node96.html Introduction to PIC codes (Univ. of Texas)]