- Animals in space
Animals in space originally served to test the survivability of
spaceflight beforemanned space mission s were attempted. Later, animals were flown to investigate various biological processes and the effectsmicrogravity and space flight might have on them. Five national space programs have flown animals into space: theUnited States , theSoviet Union ,France ,Japan andChina .1940s
The first animals intentionally sent into space were fruit flies, accompanied by corn seeds aboard a U.S.-launched
V2 rocket in 1947. [cite web |url=http://history.nasa.gov/afspbio/part1.htm |title=The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946-1952 |accessdate=2008-01-31 |last= |first= |date= |work=History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics |publisher=NASA ] [cite web |url=http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/FactSheets/V2/v-2tab.htm |title=V-2 Firing Tables |accessdate=2008-01-31 |publisher=White Sands Missile Range ] The purpose of the experiment was to explore the effects of radiation exposure at high altitudes. Some further V2 missions carried biological samples, includingmoss . Albert II, aRhesus Monkey , became the first monkey in space on June 14, 1949, in a U.S.-launched V2, (after the failure of the original Albert's mission). Albert II died on impact after a parachute failure. Numerous monkeys of several species were flown by the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Monkeys were implanted with sensors to measure vital signs, and many were under anesthesia during launch.1950s
On August 31, 1950, the U.S. launched a
mouse into space (137 km) aboard a V2 (the Albert V flight, which, unlike the Albert I-IV flights, did not have a monkey). The U.S. launched several other mice in the 1950s.On January 29, 1951, the Soviet Union launched the
R-1 IIIA-1 flight, carrying thedog s Tsygan ( _ru. Цыган, "Gypsy") and Dezik ( _ru. Дезик) into space, but not into orbit. Both space dogs survived the flight, although one would die on a subsequent flight. The U.S. launched mice aboard spacecraft later that year; however, they failed to reach the altitude for true spaceflight.The first animal in orbit was the dog
Laika , launched aboard the SovietSputnik 2 spacecraft on November 3, 1957. Laika died during the flight. At least 10 other dogs were launched into orbit and numerous others on sub-orbital flights before the historic date of April 12, 1961, whenYuri Gagarin became the first human in space.On December 13, 1958, a
Jupiter IRBM , AM-13, was launched fromCape Canaveral , Florida, with aUnited States Navy -trained South Americansquirrel monkey named "Gordo" onboard. The nosecone recovery parachute failed to operate and Gordo was lost. Telemetry data sent back during the flight showed that the monkey survived the 10G of launch, 8 minutes of weightlessness and 40G of reentry at 10,000 miles per hour. The nosecone sank convert|1302|nmi|km downrange from Cape Canaveral and was not recovered.Monkey s "Able" and "Baker" became the first monkeys to survive spaceflight after their 1959 flight. On May 28, 1959, aboardJupiter IRBM AM-18, were a 7-pound (3.18 kg) American-bornrhesus monkey , "Able", and an 11 ounce (310 g) squirrel monkey from Peru, "Baker". The monkeys rode in the nosecone of the missile to an altitude of 360 miles (579 km) and a distance of 1,700 miles (2,735 km) down the Atlantic Missile Range from Cape Canaveral, Florida. They withstood forces 38 times the normal pull of gravity and were weightless for about 9 minutes. A top speed of 10,000 mph (16,000 km/h) was reached during their 16 minute flight. The monkeys survived the flight in good condition. "Able" died four days after the flight from a reaction to anesthesia, while undergoing surgery to remove an infected medical electrode. "Baker" lived until November 29, 1984, at theUS Space and Rocket Center inHuntsville, Alabama .1960s
On August 19, 1960,
Sputnik 5 (also known as Korabl-Sputnik 2) carried the dogs Belka and Strelka. It was the first spacecraft to carry mammalian organisms into orbit and return them alive. One of Strelka's pups, Pushinka, bred and born after her mission, was given as a present toCaroline Kennedy byNikita Khruschev in 1961, and many descendants are known to exist.On January 31, 1961,
Ham the Chimp was launched in a Mercury capsule aboard aRedstone rocket . His mission wasMercury-Redstone 2 . The chimp had been trained to pull levers to receive rewards of banana pellets and avoid electric shocks. [cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/ch10-3.htm |title=MR-2: Ham Paves the Way |accessdate=2008-01-31 |last=Swenson Jr.|first=Loyd S. |coauthors=James M. Grimwood and Charles C. Alexander |date=1989 |work=This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury |publisher=NASA ] His flight demonstrated the ability to perform tasks during spaceflight. A little over 3 months later the United States sentAlan Shepard into space. Enos the chimp became the first non-human primate in orbit on November 29, 1961, in another Mercury capsule, anAtlas rocket , Mercury-Atlas 5.The Soviet Union in the
Vostok 3A flights of March 1961 launched mice and, for the first time,guinea pig s [cite web |url=http://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |title=Animals in Space |accessdate=2008-01-31 |first=Tara |last=Gray |date=1998 |work= |publisher=NASA History Division] andfrog s.France flew the first
rat into space on February 22, 1961. Two more rats were flown in October 1962.France launched Felix the
cat into space on October 18, 1963. The cat had electrodes implanted into its head to measure neural impulses. Felix was recovered alive, but the next cat in space was not. The final French animal launches were of two monkeys in March 1967.China launched mice and rats in 1964 and 1965, and two dogs in 1966.
During the
Voskhod program , two Russian space dogs, Veterok (Ветерок, "Little Wind") and Ugolyok (Уголёк, "Ember"), were launched on February 22, 1966, on boardCosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on March 16. This spaceflight of record-breaking duration was not surpassed by humans untilSkylab 2 in 1974 and still stands as the longest space flight by dogs.The United States launched Biosatellite I in 1966 and Biosatellite I/II in 1967 with fruit flies,
parasitic wasp s,flour beetle s and frog eggs, along with bacteria,amoebae , plants andfungi .The first
tortoise in space (and the first animal of any kind in deep space) was launched September 14, 1968 by the Soviet Union. TheHorsfield's tortoise was sent on a circumlunar voyage along with wine flies,meal worm s and other biological specimens. The capsule was recovered at sea on September 21.The United States launched the monkey Bonny, a macacque, in 1969 on the first multi-day primate mission; it was one of four U.S. monkey missions in the 1960s.
In total in the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union launched missions with passenger slots for at least 57 dogs. The actual number of dogs in space is smaller, because some dogs flew more than once.
1970s
Two bullfrogs were launched on a one-way mission on the
Orbiting Frog Otolith satellite on November 9, 1970, to better understand space motion sickness.Apollo 16 on April 16, 1972 carriednematode s, andApollo 17 , launched on December 7, 1972 carried five pocket mice, although one died on the circumlunar trip.Skylab 3 carried pocket mice and the firstfish in space (amummichog ), and the firstspider s in space (cross spider s named Arabella and Anita). The U.S. also flew mummichog on theApollo-Soyuz mission.The Soviets flew several
Bion program missions which consisted of satellites with biological cargoes. On these launches they flew tortoises, rats, and mummichog. OnSoyuz 20 , launched November 17, 1975, tortoises set the duration record for an animal in space when they spent 90.5 days in space.Salyut 5 on June 22, 1976, carried tortoises and a fish (azebra danio ).1980s
The Soviet Union sent 8 monkeys into space in the 1980s on Bion flights, while the U.S. sent two aboard Spacelab 3 on the
space shuttle along with 24 rats andstick insect eggs. Bion flights also flew zebra danio, fruit flies, rats, stick insect eggs and the first newts in space.Bion 7 (1985) had 10 newts ("Pleurodeles waltl ") onboard. The newts had part of their front limbs amputated to study the rate of regeneration in space, knowledge to understand human recovery from space injuries.After an experiment was lost in the
Challenger disaster ,chicken embryos (fertilized eggs) were sent into space in an experiment onSTS-29 in 1989. The experiment was designed for a student contest.1990s
Four monkeys flew aboard the last Bion flights of the Soviet Union as well as frogs and fruit flies. The
Foton program flights carried dormantbrine shrimp , newts, fruit flies, anddesert beetle s.China launched guinea pigs in 1990. [cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/space/10/03/china.space.timeline/|title=Timeline: China's space quest|accessdate=2008-01-31 |last= |first= |date=2004-01-06 |work= |publisher=CNN ]Toyohiro Akiyama , a Japanese journalist carriedJapanese tree frog s with him during his trip to theMir space station in December 1990. Other biological experiments aboard Mir involvedquail eggs.Japan launched its first animals, a species of newt, into space on March 18, 1995.
During the 1990s the U.S. carried crickets, mice, rats, frogs, newts, fruit flies,
snail s,carp ,medaka ,oyster toadfish ,sea urchin s,swordtail fish ,gypsy moth eggs, stick insect eggs and quail eggs aboard Space Shuttle "Columbia".2000s
The last flight of "Columbia" in 2003 carried
silkworm s, golden orb spiders,carpenter bee s,harvester ant s, and Japanese killifish.Nematode s ("C. elegans") from one experiment were found still alive in the debris after the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster. [cite news |first=Irene |last=Brown |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Shuttle worms found alive |url=http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Science/2003/04/30/shuttle_worms_found_alive/2166/ |work= |publisher=United Press International |date=2003-04-30 |accessdate=2008-01-31 ]"
C. elegans " are also part of experiments aboard theInternational Space Station as well as research using quail eggs.Earlier shuttle missions included grade school, junior high and high school projects; some of these included
ant s, stick insect eggs and brine shrimp cysts. Other science missions included gypsy moth eggs.On July 12, 2006,
Bigelow Aerospace launched their "Genesis I " inflatable space module, containing many small items such as toys and simple experiments chosen by company employees that would be observed via camera. These items included insects, perhaps making it the first private flight to launch animals into space. Included wereMadagascar hissing cockroach es andMexican jumping beans — seeds containing live larvae of the moth "Cydia deshaisiana ".cite news |url=http://www.lvrj.com/news/8246747.html |title=NLV firm launches Genesis II |work=Las Vegas Review-Journal |first=John |last=Antczak |date=2007-06-27 |accessdate=2007-06-30] On June 28, 2007, Bigelow launched "Genesis II ", a near-twin to "Genesis I". This spacecraft also carried the Madagascar hissing cockroaches and added South African flat rock scorpions ("Hadogenes troglodytes") and seed-harvester ants ("Pogonomyrmex californicus").cite news |url=http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/life_death/life_in_a_box.php |title=Life in a Box |work=BigelowAerospace.com |first=Maijinn |last=Chen |accessdate=2007-08-10]In September, 2007, during the European Space Agency's FOTON-M3 mission,
tardigrade s, also known as water-bears, were able to survive 10 days of exposure to open-space with only their natural protection. [cite news|url=http://space.newscientist.com/article/dn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-vacuum-of-space.html |title='Water Bears' are first animal to survive vacuum of space|work=newscientist.com|accessdate=2008-09-10] [cite news|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080908135906.htm |title='Water Bears' Able To Survive Exposure To Vacuum Of Space|work=sciencedaily.com|accessdate=2008-09-10]See also
*
Model organism
* Russian space dogs
*Monkeys in space
*Spider webs in space References
*cite web |url=http://www.planet4589.org/space/book/astronauts/astronaut/bio.html |title=The History of Spaceflight: Nonhuman astronauts |accessdate=2008-01-31 |last=McDowell |first=Jonathan |date=2000-01-26 |work=The History of Spaceflight
*L. W. Fraser and E. H. Siegler, High Altitude Research Using the V-2 Rocket, March 1946-April 1947 (Johns Hopkins University, Bumblebee Series Report No. 8, July 1948), p. 90.
*Kenneth W. Gatland, Development of the Guided Missile (London and New York, 1952), p. 188
*Capt. David G. Simons, Use of V-2 Rocket to Convey Primate to Upper Atmosphere (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, AF Technical Report 5821, May 1949), p. 1.
*Lloyd Mallan, Men, Rockets, and Space Rats (New York, 1955), pp. 84-93.
*Dr. James P. Henry, et al, "Animal Studies of the Subgravity State during Rocket Flight," Journal of Aviation Medicine, Vol. 23, pp. 421-432 (October, 1952)External links
* [http://www.releasechimps.org/harm-suffering/research-history/air-space/ History of chimpanzees in U.S. air and space research]
* [http://history.nasa.gov/afspbio/part1.htm History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics (nasa)]
* [http://www.spacechimps.com One Small Step: The Story of the Space Chimps. Documentary on History of Primates Used in Space Travel]
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