- Klepht
Klephts (Greek κλέφτης, pl. κλέφτες - "kleftis", "kleftes", which originally meant just "thieves" ), were
bandit s and warlike mountain folk who lived in the Greek countryside whenGreece was a part of theOttoman Empire . Due to the development of Turkish-Greek relations, though the word still means literally "thieves", it assumed a positive meaning for Greeksof that era.Klephts under Ottoman rule were generally men who were fleeing
vendetta s ortax es,debt s andreprisal s from Ottoman officials. They raided travellers and isolated settlements and lived in the rugged mountains and back country. Most klephtic bands participated in some form in theGreek War of Independence .The terms
kleptomania andkleptocracy are derived from the same Greek root, "κλέπτειν", "to steal".Origins
After the fall of
Constantinople in 1453 and thenMistra in the Despotate of theMorea , the majority of the plains of Greece fell entirely into the hands of theOttoman Empire . The only territories that did not fall under Ottoman rule were the mountain ranges (populated by Greeks and inaccessible by Ottoman Turks), as well as a handful of islands and coastal possessions under the control of Venice. This situation lasted until at least 1821 (although there were some parts of Greece that still remained in Ottoman hands until the 20th century) and this period of time in Greece is known as the "Τουρκοκρατία" or "Turkocracy."Ottoman conquests were divided up into
pashaluk s (provinces); in the case of the lands that form modern Greece, these wereMorea andRoumelia , which were further sub-divided into feudal chifliks (Turkish "çiftlik" (farm), Greek "τσιφλίκι"). Any surviving Greek troops, whether regular Byzantine forces, localmilitia , ormercenaries had either to join the Ottoman army as janissaries, serve in the private army of a local Ottoman notable, or fend for themselves. Many Greeks wishing to preserve their Greek identity, Orthodox Christian religion, and independence chose the difficult but liberated life of a bandit. These bandit groups soon found their ranks swelled with impoverished and/or adventurous peasants, societal outcasts, and escaped criminals."Wild" klephts and "tame" klephts
Klephts can be likened to the legendary
Robin Hood , living in isolation and seeking freedom. It would be incorrect to think of the klephts in quite the same terms as modern urbangangster s such asAl Capone . The klephts had more in common with the earlyMafia of theSicilian Vespers , or otheroutlaw s likePancho Villa and Rob Roy and mixed the politics of national liberation with quests for personal revenge, enhancement ofclan status, and personal profiteering, although their main cause was often merelysurvival in the barren mountains of Greece and Albania.Many klephts would spend part of their lives in service to Ottoman landowners, some of whom were Turkish colonists and others native Greeks who had either kept their position after the Turks invaded, or were from
Phanariot families who received grants of land from thesultan . Klephts who worked in this capacity were referred to as "tame klephts" while those who were independent were known as "wild klephts."Famous klephts
*
Athanasios Diakos
*Geórgios Karaïskákis
*Markos Botsaris
*Nikitaras
*Odysseas Androutsos
*Theodoros Kolokotronis
*Antonis Katsantonis Klephtico
The famous Greek dish Klephtico (or
Kleftiko ) slow cooked lamb (or other meat) can be translated as 'stolenmeat'. The Klephts, not having flocks of their own, would steal lambs or goats and cook the meat in a sealed pit to avoid the smoke being seen.References
ee also
*
Hajduk
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