Pangolin

"Manis" redirects here. For other uses, see Manis (disambiguation).

"Pholidota" redirects here. For the orchid, see Pholidota (orchid).

For other uses, see Pangolin (disambiguation).

Pangolins[1] Temporal range: Paleocene–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Sunda Pangolin, Manis javanica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Eutheria
Superorder:	Laurasiatheria
Order:	Pholidota Weber, 1904
Family:	Manidae Gray, 1821
Genus:	Manis Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Manis culionensis Manis gigantea Manis temminckii Manis tricuspis Manis tetradactyla Manis crassicaudata Manis pentadactyla Manis javanica

A pangolin ( /ˈpæŋɡəlɪn/), also scaly anteater or Trenggiling, is a mammal of the order Pholidota. There is only one extant family (Manidae) and one genus (Manis) of pangolins, comprising eight species. There are also a number of extinct taxa. Pangolins have large keratin scales covering their skin and are the only mammals with this adaptation.^[2] They are found in tropical regions of Africa and Asia. The name "pangolin" derives from the Malay word pengguling ("something that rolls up").

Pangolins are nocturnal animals, and use their well-developed sense of smell to find insects. The long-tailed pangolin is also active by day. Pangolins spend most of the daytime sleeping, curled up into a ball.^[3]

Pangolins were classified with various other orders, for example Xenarthra, which includes the ordinary anteaters, sloths, and the similar-looking armadillos. But newer genetic evidence^[4] indicates that their closest living relatives are the Carnivora, with which they form the clade Ferae.^[5] Some paleontologists have classified the pangolins in the order Cimolesta, together with several extinct groups.

Laurasiatheria	Eulipotyphla    Scrotifera     Chiroptera    Fereuungulata       Ferae     Pholidota  Carnivora  Perissodactyla      Cetartiodactyla

Physical description and behaviour

The physical appearance of pangolins is marked by large, hardened, plate-like scales. The scales, which are soft on newborn pangolins but harden as the animal matures, are made of keratin, the same material of which human fingernails and tetrapod claws are made. The pangolin is often compared to a walking pine cone or globe artichoke. It can curl up into a ball when threatened, with its overlapping scales acting as armour and its face tucked under its tail. The scales are razor-sharp, providing extra defence. The front claws are so long that they are unsuited for walking, and so the animal walks with its fore paws curled over to protect them. Pangolins can also emit a noxious smelling acid from glands near the anus, similar to the spray of a skunk. Pangolins have short legs, with sharp claws which they use for burrowing into termite and ant mounds, as well as climbing.

Tree Pangolin and Chinese Pangolin skeletons on exhibit at The Museum of Osteology.

The size of pangolins varies by species, ranging from 30 cm to 100 cm (12 to 39 inches). Females are generally smaller than males.

The tongues of pangolins are extremely elongated and extend into the abdominal cavity. By convergent evolution pangolins, the giant anteater, and the tube-lipped nectar bat, all have tongues which are unattached to their hyoid bone and extend past their pharynx deep into the thorax.^[6] This extension lies between the sternum and the trachea. Large pangolins can extend their tongues as much as 40 cm (16 inches), with a diameter of only 0.5 cm (1/4 inch).^[3]

In pangolins, the section of the brain that relates to problem solving is highly developed. Although their problem solving ability is primarily used to find food in obscure locations, when kept in captivity pangolins are remarkable escape artists.^{[citation needed]}.

Arboreal pangolins live in hollow trees, whereas the ground dwelling species dig tunnels underground, up to a depth of 3.5 m (11 feet).^[3] Pangolins are also good swimmers.^[3]

Diet

A drawing of a pangolin

Pangolins lack teeth and the ability to chew. Instead, they tear open anthills or termite mounds with their powerful front claws and probe deep into them with their very long tongues. Pangolins have glands in their chests to lubricate the tongue with sticky, ant-catching saliva.

Some species, such as the Tree Pangolin, use their strong, prehensile tails to hang from tree branches and strip away bark from the trunk, exposing insect nests inside.

Reproduction

Gestation is 120–150 days. African pangolin females usually give birth to a single offspring at a time, but the Asiatic species can give birth from one to three.^[3] Weight at birth is 80–450 g (3–18 ounces), and the scales are initially soft. The young cling to the mother's tail as she moves about, although in burrowing species, they remain in the burrow for the first 2–4 weeks of life. Weaning takes place at around three months of age, and pangolins become sexually mature at two years.^[7]

Threats

A coat of armor made of pangolin scales, an unusual object presented to George III in 1820.

Pangolins are hunted and eaten in many parts of Africa and are one of the more popular types of bush meat. Pangolins are also in great demand in China because their meat is considered a delicacy and some Chinese believe pangolin scales reduce swelling, promote blood circulation and help breast-feeding women produce milk. This, coupled with deforestation, has led to a large decrease in the numbers of Giant Pangolins. In November 2010, pangolins were added to the Zoological Society of London's list of genetically distinct and endangered mammals.^[8]

Pangolin populations have suffered from illegal trafficking. In May 2007, for example, 31 pangolins were found aboard an abandoned vessel off the coast of China. The boat contained some 5,000 endangered animals.^[9]

The Guardian provided a description of the killing and eating of pangolins: "A Guangdong chef interviewed last year in the Beijing Science and Technology Daily described how to cook a pangolin: 'We keep them alive in cages until the customer makes an order. Then we hammer them unconscious, cut their throats and drain the blood. It is a slow death. We then boil them to remove the scales. We cut the meat into small pieces and use it to make a number of dishes, including braised meat and soup. Usually the customers take the blood home with them afterwards.'"^[9]

Taxonomy

The pangolin raids a termite cathedral mound for a meal.

• ORDER PHOLIDOTA
  • Family †Epoicotheriidae
  • Family †Metacheiromyidae
  • Family Manidae
    • Subfamily †Eurotamanduinae
      • Genus †Eurotamandua
    • Subfamily Maninae
      • Genus †Cryptomanis
      • Genus †Eomanis
      • Genus †Necromanis
      • Genus †Patriomanis
      • Genus Manis
        • Subgenus Manis
          • Indian Pangolin (M. crassicaudata)
          • Chinese Pangolin (M. pentadactyla)
          • Asian Giant Pangolin (M. paleojavanica) †
        • Subgenus Paramanis
          • Sunda Pangolin (M. javanica)
          • Philippine Pangolin (M. culionensis)
        • Subgenus Smutsia
          • Giant Pangolin (M. gigantea)
          • Ground Pangolin (M. temmincki)
        • Subgenus Phataginus
          • Tree Pangolin (M. tricuspis)
        • Subgenus Uromanis
          • Long-tailed Pangolin (M. tetradactyla)

References

1. ^ Schlitter, Duane A. (16 November 2005). Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). pp. 530–531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3. 
2. ^ The Encyclopedia of World Wildlife. Paragon Books. 2006. pp. 63. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Mondadori, Arnoldo Ed., ed (1988). Great Book of the Animal Kingdom. New York: Arch Cape Press. pp. 252. 
4. ^ Murphy, Willian J. et al. (2001-12-14). "Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics". Science 294 (5550): 2348–2351. doi:10.1126/science.1067179. PMID 11743200. 
5. ^ BioMed Central | Full text | A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals
6. ^ Chan, Lap-Ki (1995). "Extrinsic Lingual Musculature of Two Pangolins (Pholidota: Manidae)". Journal of Mammalogy (Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 76, No. 2) 76 (2): 472–480. doi:10.2307/1382356. JSTOR 1382356. 
7. ^ Dickman, Christopher R. (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 780–781. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. 
8. ^ 'Asian unicorn' and scaly anteater make endangered list
9. ^ ^{a b} Watts, Johnathan (May 20007). "'Noah's Ark' of 5,000 rare animals found floating off the coast of China". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/china/story/0,,2088589,00.html. Retrieved 13 August 2011. 

External links

• Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
• A photograph of a pangolin
• Tree of Life of Pholidota
• National Geographic video of a Pangolin
• Pangolin rituals in Tanzania
• Proceedings of the Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to south and Southeast Asia (PDF)