Long Island (Massachusetts)

"This article is about the island Long Island, Boston. For other islands called Long Island, see Long Island (disambiguation)."

Long Island is situated in Quincy Bay, in the middle of Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. The island forms part of the City of Boston, and of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. It is only accessible by road over a convert|4175|ft|m|0|sing=on causeway [Description of the Causeway from Squantum peninsula through Moon Island. [http://www.aseccorp.com/LIViaduct.htm] ] from the Squantum peninsula of North Quincy to Moon Island, and from there, over a convert|3050|ft|m|0|sing=on two-lane steel bridge [Mikal, Alan, "Exploring Boston Harbor", see p.70 for a photo of the bridge to Long Island from Moon Island.] from Moon Island to Long Island. The bridge is officially called the Long Island Viaduct. The island is convert|1.75|mi|km|2 long and covers convert|225|acre|km2|1.

History

eventeenth century

Long Island was originally used and populated by Native American Indians, and during the American colonial period. On April 1 1634, the island was granted to the City of Boston along with Deer Island and Hogg Island (now Orient Heights in East Boston). The rent for these three islands was set at two pounds per year. This grant was confirmed on March 4 1635 when Spectacle Island was added to the package and the annual rent was reduced to four shillings per year for all four islands.

The Town of Boston leased Long Island to thirty-seven tenant farmers for farming and for the felling of trees. Wood was a much needed commodity in this period since it was the main fuel used for cooking and heating of houses in Boston. Long Island derived its name from its length--a mile and three-quarters long and a quarter mile wide. William Wood in his "New England Prospect" reported that this isle abounds in wood, water, meadow ground, and fertile ground. He also noted that local farmers put their rams, goats, and swine here for safety during the corn growing season.

On February 24 1640, the Boston Town Meeting ordered that Long Island be laid out into lots for farming starting at the eastern point on the island. On September 28 1641, the Right-Honorable William, Earl of Stirling, filed an ownership claim for Long Island. His colonial agent, John Forest, recorded the Earl's claim against Edward Tomlin and others as intruders on Long Island. This claim was proven baseless by the Court in Boston.

On April 19 1649, the Court in Boston levied an annual rent of 6 pence per acre on the farms on Long Island with payment due on February 1 each year. The proceeds from these rents were slated for the support of the free school in Boston. Because the Long Island tenants refused to pay these rents, in 1655, Boston officials sent a constable out to the island to make the necessary collections.

On March 11 1667, the Town of Boston deeded the farms on Long Island to the tenants with the stipulation that they pay up their back rent. By this act, the land on Long Island first passed into private hands. During 1672, Joseph and Elizabeth Rock purchased 41 acres on Long Island with a mortgage which they paid off by August 9 1672. The deed described their property as having houses, outhouses, barns, stables, wharfs, yards, orchards, gardens, meadows, pastures, and fishing rights.

In the 1670s during King Philip's War, Christian "praying Indians" were moved from Marlborough and Natick under the auspices of John Eliot, the minister of Roxbury, mostly to Deer Island, but at least one colony was sent to Long Island. [cf. Winsor and Jewett, [http://www.helloboston.com/80_LocalBook.Cfm "The Memorial History of Boston"] , 1880, pp.320-1.

"Another colony of friendly Indians and prisoners were afterwards sent to Long Island, in the harbor."

]

On October 6 1676, during the panic caused by the French and Indian War, Massachusetts residents collected all of the local Native American population from the surrounding towns and herded them to a dock in Watertown on the Charles River. Here, they were loaded on barges and transported to Deer Island where they were abandoned. Through the freezing winter, the Indians' main sustenance was fish and clams taken along the shore and mud flats of the island. No barracks or other housing were provided, and only a scanty thicket on the lee side of the hills protected them from easterly winds. Thousands of Native Americans are presumed to have been marooned on Deer Island that winter; however, only the converted (praying) Indians were counted and recorded. Hundreds of Indians perished of starvation and exposure during the winter of 1676-77. Old Ahatton and other chiefs petitioned the Court in Boston for the rights to visit other islands in Boston Harbor to harvest clams and fish because his people were starving to death. In the Spring of 1677, the surviving Indians were allowed to cross over to Long Island.

On April 19 1689, John Nelson, a resident of Long Island, led Bostonians in a revolt against Governor Sir Edmund Andros, culminating in the Battle of Fort Hill [Downst, Henry P., [http://kellscraft.com/NotesBoston/NotesBostoncontentpage.html "Random Notes of Boston"] , Humphrey Publishing, ca. 1916, Chapter 5, "Waterfront and Harbor".

It is said that the battle of Fort Hill, between the soldiers and the townsmen, was precipitated by the term "lobster," applied to a red-coat, by one of the mechanics. Since that day the lobster has become a creature of fashion, contributing largely to the high cost of livers, but his name finds no greater favor as an epithet than when used for the patriotic purpose of starting a pre-Revolutionary rumpus. The lobster fleet, consisting of many small craft, mostly power driven, should interest the gourmet who likes to know the origin of his delicacies; to the gourmand, we recommend the satisfying qualities of Boston baked beans and the New England boiled dinner.

] in Boston. Governor Andros had rescinded the Massachusetts Charter and all previous laws and contracts that had been negotiated or enacted in the Massachusetts Colony.

During 1690, John Nelson bought all of the property from the tenants on Long Island with the exception of four and one-half acres owned by Thomas Stanberg, a shopkeeper from Boston. Stanberg was one of the original tenants on Long Island. Nelson was well connected politically being a close relative of Sir Thomas Temple, and the husband of Elizabeth Stoughton, the niece of Governor William Stoughton. On June 4, Nelson mortgaged his Long Island property to William and Benjamin Browne from Salem, Massachusetts for 1,200 pounds. Henry Mare managed the Brownes' house and land on Long Island.

During 1692, John Nelson was captured by the French while on a privateering voyage. He was imprisoned in Quebec. It was common for local privateers to receive commissions in Boston but were considered as pirates by the other nations of the world--especially the French and Spanish who were the superpowers at the time. While in prison, Nelson learned about secret French plans for attacks against the Massachusetts colonies. Nelson secretly informed the Massachusetts authorities from his prison cell. For this act, Nelson was punished by being transported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Bastille Prison in France. In 1702, after ten years of imprisonment, Sir Purbeck Temple obtained John Nelson's release. Nelson immediately returned home to Nelson's Island (Long Island) as a local hero. [ [http://www.kellscraft.com/EventsBoston/EventsBoston04.html "The Islands of Boston Harbor"] , in "Some Events of Boston and Its Neighbors", Chapter 4, printed for the State Street Trust Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1917.

Long Island was so called because it is the longest island in the harbour. In 1847 a company bought all of it except the east end upon which was the lighthouse, and then built a wharf and a hotel and laid out streets. The speculation ended in failure. The island is chiefly noted as the residence of John Nelson, who is looked upon as a hero by the American people. He was captured by the French in a voyage to the eastward and imprisoned in Quebec. While there he informed Massachusetts that the French were forming plans against the New England Colonies, and for this he was sent to the Bastille. He was finally released, and on his return to Long Island the Nelson family gave him a great feast of welcome, and part of the table-cloth is believed still to be preserved by his descendants. The British pastured cattle here at one time, and a detachment of five hundred Continental soldiers, in sixty-five whale-boats, landed and stole them all, escaping safely to Squantum. Not many years ago a large assemblage of prize-fighters and their “heelers” went over to the island with the intention of conducting a fight, but were prevented from doing so by some police officers who arrived in a police boat at just the right time. The island is owned partly by the Government and partly by the City.

]

Eighteenth Century

On December 7 1708, Benjamin Browne, one of the mortgagers of Nelson's Island, died, passing control of the island to his brother, William Browne, who died on February 23 1716. John Nelson died on December 5 1721. On September 24 1724, the land-deed given from John Nelson to the Brownes was declared a mortgage and was annulled by a legal instrument executed by Colonel Samuel Brown, who acted as executor for the Brownes. The ownership of Nelson's Island had reverted to Nelson's heirs in seven parts. Two parts went to John and Mary Nelson, heirs of the oldest son, Temple Nelson. One share went to Nathaniel Hubbard by his wife, Elizabeth Nelson. One part went to Henry Lloyd by his wife, Rebecca Nelson. Another part went to John Steed by his wife, Margaret Nelson, and one part went to Robert Temple by his wife, Mehitable Nelson. Robert Nelson bought up an additional four shares.

Robert Temple and the other owners sold the whole of Nelson's island to Charles Apthorp, a merchant from Boston. The deed described the island as containing convert|200|acre|km2|1 of land, single houses, buildings, barns, stables, orchards, gardens, pastures, fences, trees, woods, underwoods, swamps, marshes, meadows, arable land, ways, water courses, easements, commons, common pasture, passages, stones, beach, flats, immunites, commodies, heriditaments, emoulants, and apportances. The name used for the island changed to Apthorp's Island at this time, although both names are found in various records. Charles Apthorp died on November 18 1758 at 60 years of age. His heirs sold the island to Barlow Trecothick, an alderman and Lord Mayor of London. Trecothick had married Grizzell Apthorp, the oldest daughter of Charles Apthorp and Grizzell Eastwicke Apthorp.

American Revolutionary War

During the Revolutionary times in 1768, the occupying British forces used Long Island for grazing their sheep, cattle, and swine. The British also harvested the hay from this island's meadows as feed for their horses in Boston.

On July 12 1775, Colonel John Greaton with a detachment of 500 American soldiers, in 65 whaleboats, raided Long Island where they "liberated" all the sheep and cattle grazing there, and captured 17 British sailors who were guarding the animals. British men-of-war, when alerted about the raid, fired at the whaleboats. A British schooner, towing barges loaded with armed marines, chased the American whaleboats back to their encampment in Squantum and Dorchester. One American soldier was killed on Moon Island. Moon Island was not connected to Squantum at this time and a waterway was open from behind Squantum (Squaw Rock) across the mouth of the Neponset River to a large rock called Savin Hill.

On Sunday, March 17 1776, British ships evacuated Boston under pressure from George Washington's forces on the heights on Dorchester (now South Boston). Abigail Adams from her vantage point in Quincy described the sight of the myriad masts of the British fleet as like a forest in the harbor. On board the British ships were 11,000 soldiers and sailors, 1019 self-exiled citizens of Boston, including 102 civil officers and 18 clergymen and 105 loyalists from the country towns.

Instead of immediately departing the Boston Harbor area, the British ships anchored in the outer harbor and continued the blockage of Boston Harbor for the next three months, which was a cause of great concern in Boston and the surrounding towns. British Commodore Banks on his 28-gun "Milford" and several other men-of-war commanded the blockading British fleet. As the blockade persisted, Abigail Adams was quite outspoken about the delay by the Boston authorities in removing the British blockade from the outer harbor. During June, fierce artillery battles were waged between the British ships and American shore batteries that were entrenched on the harbor islands. The embarrassment from her remarks may have triggered the following actions:

One June 13 1776, American General Ward ordered Colonel Asa Whitcomb and 500 cannoneers with a 13-inch mortar and two field cannons to the East Head of Long Island, while similar emplacements were set up on Hull. This installation was named, "Long Island Battery." At a signal from their commander, Brig. General Benjamin Lincoln, both batteries opened fire on the British fleet. When the British flagship, "Milford" was hit, Commander Banks ordered the rest of the British fleet to sea.

During the confusion created by the cannonading by American artillerymen from East Head on Long Island and from the Hull Batteries, two American privateers attacked the British transport, "Arbella," that was loaded with rich supplies and Scottish Highlander troop replacements. The Arbella was on an approach to Boston Harbor and beat off the initial attack, escaping up Nantasket Roads into the channel off the East Head of Long Island. Obviously, this British transport did not get the word about the evacuation of Boston. Captain Tucker's Marblehead, Massachusetts privateer took up the chase from Broad Sound along with an armed vessel from Rhode Island that approached the Arbella from the east side of Long Island. They found that the Arbella had grounded but was still able to fight, as her guns shattered Tucker's spars and riddled his ship's sails and Pine Tree flag. The transport then turned and drove the Rhode Island privateer around the west side of Long Island. The fight continued until the British ship struck her colors. British captain Major Menjies and 36 men were killed during the battle. The slain Highlanders were buried on Long Island in a solemn procession led by Scottish bagpipers. The wives of the dead soldiers who had accompanied their husbands on this trip marched in the funeral procession. The rich cargo of military stores was quickly moved to Cambridge to help support the American army that was encamped there.

On July 17, 1776, about a month after the British were driven from the outer harbor, the Long Island Battery on East Head fired a thirteen-gun salute in celebration and honor of the promulgation of the Declaration of Independence. Similar salutes were fired from the other batteries throughout Boston Harbor.

Edward Rowe Snow related a story about a Mary, the wife of a Tory, William Burton, who was aboard one of the British ships that formed the blockade on Boston Harbor, together with her husband. A cannonball from the Long Island Battery struck Mary. As she lay dying, she pleaded with her husband not to bury her at sea. A flag of truce was struck that allowed Burton to go ashore with his wife's body. Mary Burton was buried on East Head after her body was sewn into a red blanket. One of the Americans agreed to put her name on a grave marker. Her husband planned to return to Boston but never did. Over the years, the wooden marker rotted away. People who knew this story erected a stone cairn over the burial site. In 1804, some fishermen were wrecked on Long Island and they took refuge in an old powder magazine. As they were building a fire, they were startled by a moan coming over the hill near Mary Burton's cairn. The stunned fishermen claimed to have seen a form of a woman wearing a scarlet cloak coming over the hill. Blood appeared to be streaming down the cloak from a wound in her head. The ghost just kept on walking by the fishermen and soon disappeared over the hill. Again, during the War of 1812, a "woman in scarlet" was reported at Fort Strong. Also, in 1891, Private William Liddell reported seeing a "woman in scarlet." Liddell, while on guard duty at night, reported that that ghost came toward him from an easterly direction emitting distinct moans.

Barlow Trecothick, the owner of Long Island, died on May 28, 1775 and the island passed to his brother-in-law, Charles Ward Apthorp from New York (died 1796). Apthorp sold the island on June 13, 1791 to James Ivers of Boston. Around this time, the island began to be officially called Long Island.

In 1794, a lighthouse was built on the northern head of the island, replaced by a bigger tower in 1819. It was later relocated to fit in with coastal fortifications.

Early Nineteenth century

In 1814, during the War of 1812, the Massachusetts authorities requested that Commodore Bainbridge move the new ship, "Independence" and the frigate, "Constitution" down the harbor so that the British could capture them, hoping to avoid having the British shell the City of Boston. Bainbridge refused and suggested that Long Island be fortified to keep the British from entering Boston Harbor.

James Ivers died in Boston on June 13, 1815 at 88 years of age. Long Island legally passed to Ivers' two daughters, Hannah, the wife of Jonathan Austin, and Jane, wife of Benjamin Austin.

During 1818, a committee from the Boston Marine Society investigated the need for a lighthouse on Long Island Head, acting on a request from the Portland (Maine) Marine Society. This lighthouse would be designed to help vessels navigating into Boston Harbor through the Broad Sound Channel.

Another committee of five selected a suitable site for a lighthouse during April 1819. The first lighthouse built on Long Island Head was constructed on the eastern side of Long Island Head. The finished light was a convert|23|ft|m|0|sing=on rubble stone and granite tower. The lantern was positioned about convert|109|ft|m|0 above MHW-Mean High Water. (The height of a light is measured from MHW to the focal plane of the light source or bulb. The light's characteristic was a fixed white beam generated from nine burners and reflectors with a visibility of about convert|15|nmi|km|0. This light, called the "Inner Harbor Light," was the second lighthouse established in Boston Harbor. The first light keeper was Jonathan Lawrence. The 35 acres needed for this first lighthouse had to be acquired by the Federal Government by a lawsuit. The "Inner Harbor Light" was first lighted during October 1819. The lighthouse property was surrounded by fortifications located along the edge of the cliff.

Jonathan Lawrence, who was the first lightkeeper at Long Island Light, died in the Light Service in 1825. Charles Beck, the second light keeper ran a signal system from Long Island Head in 1825. Beck hoisted a black ball to indicate when more pilots were needed down the harbor. This signal system remained active until 1851.

An 1830 commentary described Long Island as the most pleasant place in Boston Harbor and predicted that it would be a great area for a summer resort. The article also noted that a hotel, erected by the Long Island Company, was commodious and convenient. Much of Long Island was being used for pasture in more recent years. Unfortunately, by 1840, the popularity of Long Island faded over the previous ten years and there was only one farmhouse reported on the island.

In 1843, J.W.P. Lewis, a civil engineer, reported that the light tower was leaky and the walls were cracked from frost heaves. Lewis also indicated that the light was not positioned correctly for its intended purpose. The light fixture reflected with a cast the light in six different directions. He described the lantern as being made of the rudest materials and as being obstructed by the framework that supported the covering for the light. Lewis inspected most of the lighthouses in New England during 1843. During 1844, a new cast-iron lighthouse was constructed on Long Island Head. This was the second lighthouse built on the Head. It appears to be the first cast-iron lighthouse constructed in the United States. The South Boston Iron Company performed the work. This lighthouse was cast in sections of about seven feet in height and twelve feet in diameter at the base. It was furnished with an iron deck providing a twenty-inch walkway around the lantern. The deck had a railing. A cast iron circular staircase on the interior led to the lantern room. The lantern was made of upright wrought iron bars to receive the glass with sixteen 48" x 16" side over which was a cast iron dome with a cast-iron pipe in the center that served as a smoke flue for the lighthouse's stove.

On October 1, 1847, the Ivers' heirs sold Long Island to Thomas Smith of Cohasset, Massachusetts. The East Head, where the lighthouse was located, was not included in this sale. Long Island was on the verge of being developed, but an ominous rumor about a pending takeover by the City of Boston for its various institutions made this real estate undesirable to investors. The use of this island as a military post precluded any recreational expansion and development.

On May 1, 1849, Long Island was purchased from Thomas Smith and was incorporated by the Long Island Company. At this time, the only inhabitants were George Smith, a farmer, and Nicolas Capello, a Portuguese fisherman. Over the next 35 years, the heirs of Nicholas Capello and other friends increased the population of Long Island to over thirty families clustering in an area called "Portuguese Village". Their huts and a fleet of fishing boats were located just below East Head. [ [http://www.bostonislands.org/factsheet_template.asp?rsIslands__MMColParam=long Boston Island factsheet on Long Island] ]

The Long Island Company built the Long Island House and the Long Island Hotel in the center of the island as part of a project to develop recreational facilities on the island. A Colonel Mitchell was the proprietor of the Long Island Hotel. This hotel was described as a "splendid hotel, large and accommodating, constructed in the form of a Greek Cross and located in the center of the island on the west side". Colonel Mitchell was known as being welcoming, benevolent, and gentlemanly. The Eutaw House was also constructed at this time. [Snow, Edward Rowe, "Sailing Down Boston Bay", p.23, has a picture of Eutaw House, on Long Island, from 1856.]

The Long Island Company drew up plans to subdivide Long Island into many small lots and envisioned a large new community. "Pleasure" or vacation brochures of Boston Harbor described the Long Island House as a "large white hotel." The rest of the island was meadows and grazing field. Many of the trees were long since cut down for firewood by early settlers.

In 1855, the second Long Island Light was refitted and repositioned into a square enclosure on the wastop of the Head. A good fresh-water was added and a comfortable, stone lightkeepers house was built. The remains of an old military fortifications formed the north and west side of the lighthouse enclosure. The new light was fitted with a Fourth Order Fresnel lens that exhibited a fixed white light and was located where it was visible toward Broad Sound. This light served as part of a range in conjunction with Bug Light on the end of Brewster Spit at the edge of the Narrows Channel. Vessels approaching Boston from the southeast would align these lights to stay clear of Hardings Ledge off Nantasket Beach. Bug Light was constructed in 1856 and showed a fixed red light.

In 1858, a lighthouse Inspector's reports indicated that the lighthouse keeper's house on Long Island had two bedrooms, a parlor, a sitting room, and a kitchen.

American Civil War

In 1860, control of the Long Island Company was transferred to Thomas J. Dunbar of Boston. The plan to develop this island was thwarted by the rumors of war and plans for military installations on Long Island Head and other parts of the island. Camp Wightman was established on Long Island. The Commander was General Devens who used the Long Island House as his headquarters building. This military post was named after Mayor Wightman of Boston. On April 17, 1861, the 3rd Massachusetts Regiment departed Long Island along with the 4th Massachusetts Regiment, sailing to Fort Monroe, Virginia. These famous regiments were credited with destroying the navy yard at Norfolk, Virginia, and fought the Virginians at Hampton. On their return from the South, the 3rd Massachusetts Regiments were mustered out after four days in camp here. The men of the 4th Massachusetts Regiment were the first northern troops to march on Virginia soil during the Civil War. They also fought at Big Bethel. The 4th Massachusetts Regiment was also mustered out at Camp Wightman on Long Island.

During April and May 1861, Thomas Cass, formerly commander of the Massachusetts militia organization known as the Columbian Artillery, recruited the 9th Massachusetts Regiment. This regiment was composed almost totally of Irishmen. Cass became the first regimental Colonel. The 9th Massachusetts Regiment was conscripted from Salem, Marlboro, and Stoughton. The regiment arrived at Camp Wightman aboard the "Nellie Baker" on May 12, 1861 as part of the 13th Massachusetts Regiment. Training was completed through May and part of June. On June 11, there were mustered into the U.S. Army as the 9th Massachusetts Regiment. Company A was known as the "Columbian Guards." Company B took the name of the "Otis Guards," named after Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis. Company C was called the "Douglas Guards," after Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. Later, this company became known as the "Meager Guards" taking the name of General Thomas Francis Meager of the Army of the Republic, an Irish orator. Company E was called the "Cass Light Guards" after Colonel Thomas Cass. Company F was named the "Fitzgerald Guards" after the Irish Patriot, Lord Edward Fitzgerald. Company G was from Marlboro and took the name, "Wolftone Guards" after Theobald Wolfe Tone. H Company was the "Davis Guards" from Milford, named after the Irish poet, Thomas Osburn Davis. Company I was called the "McClellan Guards" after General McClellan. Company K was called the "Stoughton Guards" after the town from which they were recruited. The Regiment's Motto was "Gentle when stroked, fierce when provoked." On June 25, 1861, the 9th Regiment sailed to Washington, D.C. from Long Island on the steamers "Ben De Ford", "Cambridge" and "Pembroke." Lieutenant Colonel Patrick Guiney became second in command to Cass.

On May 9, 1862, in its first open field battle, the 9th Regiment made a decisive charge in the Battle of Hanover Court House where it won the title, "The Fighting 9th." This regiment also fought at Gaines Mill on June 27th and at Malvern Hill on July 1st where it lost 111 officers and men. Colonel Cass was mortally wounded and died eleven days later in Boston. Because of its high losses, the 9th was held in reserve at Second Bull Run, Battle of Antietam, and Fredericksburg. It was back in action at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg during the summer of 1863.

In 1863, Camp Wightman had over 1,000 recruits in addition to several full batteries of heavy artillery under the command ofr General Devens. The military reservation was located on the slope between the Portuguese Village near the southeast beach and the summit beyond the Long Island House. The steamer "Bellingham" was the conscript boat for Fort Wightman on Long Island.

Many deserters drowned in the waters around Long Island as U.S. Army recruits tried to get to the mainland. At the time, it was the custom to induct and train recruits on islands to minimize desertions. A major scam at the time was for a man to sign up for the Army and collect an enlistment bonus. Then, after going AWOL, he would sign up again in another town, collecting an additional bonus. Islands, especially, during the winter months, contained the recruits with the surrounding frigid seawater. Winters in Boston Harbor were so cold that men walking guard duty had to be relieved every thirty minutes to avoid frostbite.

During May 1864, the Fighting 9th Massachusetts Regiment fought in the Wilderness Campaign. It suffered more severe losses at the Orange Turnpike, losing 78 men killed and wounded. The regiment continued to fight at North Anna River and Bethesda Church near Cold Harbor with light losses. On June 10, 1864, the Fighting 9th withdrew from the field and was transported to Boston Harbor, arriving on June 15. The regiment was mustered out of the Army on June 24, 1864.

Post Civil War

During 1865, P.B. Small was reported as the light keeper on Long Island Light. During this year, the schooner "Joseph Fish," carrying 1,200 barrels of petroleum, was rammed by another vessel while at anchor near Long Island. Light Keeper Small reported that the "Joseph Fish" caught fire and was totally destroyed.

In 1867, the Federal Government acquired the east head section of Long Island by an act of congress, and Fort Strong was moved to Long Island from Noddles Island (East Boston). The fort has been reported to be named after Major General George C. Strong, who was killed at Fort Wagner, South Carolina in 1863. History has shown the Fort Strong existed back in 1815 on Noddles Island.

Later sources write that the fort was re-dedicated and named for the Governor of Massachusetts, Caleb Strong. [Snow, Edward Rowe, "Sailing Down Boston Bay", p.24.]

Military use of Long Island had been started again during the Civil War when the island was a camp for conscripts and armament was installed. In the early Endicott Period, the defenses were modernized but were not subsequently used.

On September 8, 1869, a tremendous storm (most likely a hurricane) hit the Boston Harbor area. The chimney on the light keeper's house at Long Island Light was knocked off and damaged the roof. Lightning struck and damaged the boathouse that was located just below the lighthouse on the western side of the island.

During 1870, a 10-gun battery was constructed at Fort Strong on East Head on Long Island. In 1872, a large hotel was built on the current site of the Long Island Chronic Disease Hospital.

Long Island became the site of illegal recreational activities. A very popular event on Sunday evenings was prize fighting. On June 29, 1873, the Boston Police raided Long Island and put a stop to these illegal events.

During 1874, the gun blocks and a magazine for the Long Island Head Battery were constructed. These batteries remain today. During 1881, a new cast iron lighthouse was constructed along with a new keeper's house. This was the third lighthouse built on Long Island Head.

In 1882, as was rumored earlier, the City of Boston began purchasing property on Long Island for institutional care facilities: firstly an Almshouse, later a residence for unwed mothers, a chronic disease hospital, a nursing school and an institutional farm. The large hotel built in 1872 was part of the purchase. This hotel was used for City of Boston charities. During this year, male paupers were moved to Long Island from Rainsford Island.

On January 3, 1885, the Boston City Council passed an order to take possession of Long Island. The island has never returned to private hands since that date. Boston acquired Long Island from the heirs of Thomas Dunbar for $140,000. Buildings were immediately erected for a "Home for the Indigent." These buildings housed 650 people in 1885.

Sweetser described Long Island as conspicuous by its municipal buildings, and still more by its lighthouse perched on the very tip of the steepest cliff in the harbor, eighty-feet above the high water mark and visible for fifteen miles (24 km) at sea. The battery, which crowns the cliff, presenting only a range of green mounds to the view of the passing sailor, is a formidable little work, of modern construction, with walls of great thickness, bombproofs, and other defenses, partly separated from the rest of the bluff by a deep dry moat.

New men's dormitory facilities were built and dedicated as the Tobin building, the cornerstone having been laid on November 9, 1940. It was named after Maurice J. Tobin, then Mayor of Boston. [as written on a dedicatory plaque in the Tobin Building]

Twentieth Century

In 1941, Boston's almshouse was located there, as well as the Chronic Disease Hospital. 1,400 patients and inmates were on the island, cared for by several hundred doctors, nurses, and employees. At that time, Dr. James V. Sacchetti was the medical director in charge. [Snow, Edward Rowe, "Sailing Down Boston Bay", p.24.]

Until the 1950s when a bridge was built from the adjacent Moon Island, the only transportation access to the island was by boat or a regularly scheduled ferry from Boston. The dedication plaque at the outbound entry to this bridge at Squantum, says it was built in 1950-1951 by the Institutions Department of the City of Boston, and calls it the "Long Island Viaduct". Moon Island is connected to the mainland Squantum peninsula of North Quincy by a causeway.

Fort Strong, on the northern tip of the island, which had been established in 1867, remained in use until it was declared surplus in the 1940s, but was later revived as a radar site in the 1950s, during the Cold War.

Recent use and history

Long Island is currently used to support social service programs, as it has since 1882, contained in Boston Public Health Commission [ [http://www.bphc.org/ Boston Public Health Commission] ] Long Island Health Campus facilities in 19 buildings on 35 acres. This large campus of buildings presently houses the Long Island Shelter [ [http://www.bphc.org/programs/program.asp?b=4&d=18&p=219 Boston Public Health Commission Long Island Shelter] ] [ [http://www.bphc.org/programs/program.asp?b=4&d=19&p=228 Boston Public Health Commission Homeless Services History] ] for the homeless in the Tobin Building since 1983, Project S.O.A.R. [ [http://www.bphc.org/programs/program.asp?b=4&d=18&p=221 Boston Public Health Commission Project S.O.A.R.] ] in the Administration Building since the Fall of 1995, Pine Street Inn's [ [http://www.pinestreetinn.org/ Pine Street Inn website] ] Anchor Inn, Andrew House (which moved there in 1987 from Dorchester, Massachusetts), and others. There are many buildings that are not in use which were once very active. Examples of these are The Curley Building (which once housed a performing arts auditorium for the population and named after the former Mayor of Boston, James Michael Curley), Our Lady of Hope Chapel, and a crematorium, amongst others. Most of the campus was connected by tunnels as were most hospitals and universities at the time.

Boston Fire Department's Engine Company 54 [ [http://www.cityofboston.gov/fire/locations.asp City of Boston Fire Department locations, cf. Engine Company 54 on Long Island.] ] station house is located right on the island, adjacent to the campus.

Historical buildings and cemeteries dating from the Civil War to the Cold War can be found on the island, along with a large checkered red and white pattern water tower used as a navigational aid by the FAA for navigation into Logan International Airport.There is also a working organic farm which is two acres large and harvests approximately 25,000 pounds of produce which is used by the kitchens of the homeless shelters, and sold at farmers markets, and used by restaurants in Boston. It is staffed by residents of Long Island. The organic farm was the idea of Mayor Thomas Menino of Boston in 1996 and was modeled on the kibbutz concept. [Crimaldi, Laura, [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=1016729 "Fresh Start: Organic farm jobs ‘a blessing’ for Hub homeless"] , The Boston Herald, August 12, 2007.]

Unlike most of Boston's harbor islands, Long Island is closed to the general public. There are the remains of Fort Strong and its parade ground, the Long Island Head Light [ [http://www.lighthouse.cc/longislandhead/ Long Island Head Light] ] which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and an abandoned NIKE missile base near the southwest end of the island.

As early on as 1997, the bridge to Long Island, also known as the Long Island Viaduct, built in 1950 and dedicated by U.S. Secretary of Labor Maurice J. Tobin in 1951, was deemed in need of serious repair due to concerns about its structural integrity. Mayor Thomas Menino of Boston had asked the state for help to fund necessary repairs. Acting Governor of Massachusetts Jane Swift allocated $29,000,000 to its repair. In 2003, these funds were diverted elsewhere, to other unrelated "higher priority" projects, by the new Governor, Mitt Romney. In the Summer of 2007, the bridge to Long Island was still in disrepair, due to continued rusting and salt-water corrosion of the underlying structural elements. Limits were again imposed on how much weight could be tolerated at one time, and hence, the vehicular traffic across it was seriously curtailed and staggered. The problems had worsened over the years since very little preventative maintenance could be done due to state and city financial budgetary constraints. [Wedge, Dave, [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=1005413 "Bridge Woes: City curbs use of Long Island span"] , Boston Herald, June 8, 2007] [Lambert, Lane, " [http://ledger.southofboston.com/articles/2007/08/04/news/news03.txt LONG ISLAND ACCESS - Old wounds: Bridge a symbol of long-standing grievance] ", The Patriot Ledger newspaper, Quincy, Massachusetts, August 4, 2007.] [Lambert, Lane, [http://ledger.southofboston.com/articles/2007/08/04/news/news02.txt "'ROAD TO NOWHERE': As Boston, Park Service plan for Long Island, Quincy residents make perennial complaint - no access"] , The Patriot Ledger, August 4, 2007.] [Lane, Lambert, [http://ledger.southofboston.com/articles/2007/08/04/news/news04.txt "We don’t get no respect: Ex-Quincy officials blast Boston"] , The Patriot Ledger, August 4, 2007.]

Buildings and structures

A comprehensive list of most buildings and structures on Long Island follows. [ [http://www.bostonislands.org/factsheet_template.asp?rsIslands__MMColParam=long Boston Islands Factsheet] ]

*Buildings
**NIKE missile facilities (2 buildings - vacant)
**Department of Environmental Protection and Boston Edison Air Monitoring Stations
**Farm and greenhouse
**Laundry building
**Garage
**Fire house
**(Mary) Morris building
**Curley recreation building (vacant)
**Tobin building
**McGillivray building [named after John R. McGillivray, Superintendent of Long Island Hospital, 1951-1965]
**Wards A B C D
**Richards building
**Laboratory and morgue (vacant)
**Incinerator, (behind morgue - vacant)
**Power house
**Administration building
**Nichols building [named after Malcolm E. Nichols, mayor of Boston, 1926-29]
**Our Lady of Hope Chapel
**Building 6 (vacant)
**Nurses Building (vacant)
**Sewage treatment plant
**Fort Strong power house, incinerator, and tower
**Long Island Head Light (lighthouse) [http://www.lighthouse.cc/longislandhead/]

*Fortifications
**Fort Strong: Battery Ward, Battery Hitchcock, Battery Drum, Battery Bassinger, Battery Smyth, Battery Taylor, Battery Stevens.

*Other Structures
**Viaduct (bridge - not open to public)
**Pier (not open to public)
**Civil War monument and cemetery
**hospital cemetery (3,000)
**unmarked cemetery
**water tower
**MWRA (Massachusetts Water Resources Authority) Shaft
**granite block seawall.
**Grotto Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima. It was once next to the older demolished original chapel building. [Sammarco, Anthony. "Boston's Harbor Islands", p.108.]

Notes

References

*Cole, William I., "Boston's Pauper Institutions", The New England Magazine, Volume 24, Issue 2, April 1898 [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=AFJ3026-0024-33]
*Downst, Henry P., [http://kellscraft.com/NotesBoston/NotesBostoncontentpage.html "Random Notes of Boston"] , Humphrey Publishing, ca. 1916.
*Kales, Emily, Kales, David, "All About the Boston Harbor Islands", Hewitts Cove Publishing, 1983.
*Mikal, Alan, "Exploring Boston Harbor", Christopher Publishing House, North Quincy, Massachusetts, 1973. ISBN 0-8158-0303-6
*Richburg, Julie A., [http://www.umass.edu/nrc/faculty/profile.patterson.html Patterson, William A.] , III, [http://www.umass.edu/nrc/nebarrensfuels/publications/pdfs/Richburg_Patterson_Histveg_BOHA.pdf "Historical Description of the Vegetation of the Boston Harbor Islands, 1600-2000"] , Northeastern Naturalist, 12(Special Issue 3), 13-30, 2005.
*Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell, "Boston's Harbor Islands", Images of America series, 1998. ISBN 0-7524-0900-X
*Snow, Edward Rowe, "The Islands of Boston Harbor", 1935. ISBN 0-396-08349-8 [http://www.commonwealtheditions.com/productdetails.cfm?PC=31]
*Snow, Edward Rowe, "Sailing Down Boston Bay", Yankee Publishing Company, 1941.
* [http://www.kellscraft.com/EventsBoston/EventsBostonscontent.html "Some Events of Boston and Its Neighbors"] , printed for the State Street Trust Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1917.
* [http://www.kellscraft.com/EventsBoston/EventsBoston04.html "The Islands of Boston Harbor"] , in "Some Events of Boston and Its Neighbors", Chapter 4, printed for the State Street Trust Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1917.
*Sweetser, M.F., "King's Handbook of Boston Harbor", Moses King Corporation, Boston, 1882; reprinted in 1988 by Applewood Books, and The Friends of Boston Harbor Islands. OCLC|57271168. This book was written about the time when the first Boston almshouse was being built on Long Island. Cf. pp.179-186, for Long Island.
*University of Vermont, [http://www.uvm.edu/~uvmpr/vq/VQFall02/Bed.html "It starts With a Bed: UVM alums Richard Weintraub & Lyndia Downie lead fight to break cycle of homelessness in Boston] , Vermont Quarterly, Fall 2002. Interview with Richard Weintraub about Long Island social services.
*Winsor, Justin, Jewett, C.F., "The Memorial History of Boston Including Suffolk County, Massachusetts. 1630-1880", 1880. [http://www.helloboston.com/80_LocalBook.Cfm]

External links

* [http://www.bostonislands.org/factsheet_template.asp?rsIslands__MMColParam=long Boston Harbor Islands factsheet on Long Island]
* [http://www.bostonislands.org/manage/manage_park_factsheets.html Fact sheets on Boston Harbor Islands]
* [http://www.lighthouse.cc/longislandhead/index.html Lighthouse on Long Island, Boston Harbor]
* [http://www.bostonislands.org/isle_maps.html Map of Long Island, and Moon Island]
* [http://ed-thelen.org/J-McGrath/NDAWES.HTM Military page on Fort Strong, Long Island, Boston.]
* [http://ed-thelen.org/J-McGrath/ftstrongm.jpgMap of Fort Strong, Long Island, Boston, 1905.]
* [http://www.lighthouse.cc/longislandhead/history.html Long Island Head Light(house), Boston.]
* [http://www.bostonharbor.com/ Boston Harbor resources site]
* [http://www.harbormasters.org/charts/13270_1.gifNOAA Soundings Map of Boston Harbor]