Spice Islands

Spice Islands

:"This article covers the historical role of the Maluku Islands as a source of spices since early history, when the islands where known as the Spice Islands. For the islands' internal history, see Maluku Islands."

Spice Islands most commonly refer to the Maluku Islands (formerly the "Moluccas"), which lie on the equator, between Sulawesi (Celebes) and New Guinea in what is now Indonesia, and often specifically to the small volcanic Banda Islands, once the only source of mace and nutmeg.

The term has also been used less commonly in reference to other islands known for their spice production, notably the Zanzibar Archipelago off East Africa consisting of Unguja, Mafia and Pemba. These islands were formerly the independent state of Zanzibar but now form a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania.

History

The native Bandanese people traded spices with other Asian nations, such as China, since at least the time of the Roman Empire. With the rise of Islam, the trade became dominated by Muslim traders. One ancient Arabic source appears to know the location of the islands, describing them as fifteen days' sail East from the 'island of Jaba' - presumably Java Fact|date=June 2008 — but direct evidence of Islam in the archipelago occurs only in the late 1300s, as China's interest in regional maritime dominance waned. With Arabic traders came not just Islam, but a new technique of social organization, the sultanate, which replaced local councils of rich men ("orang kaya") on the more important islands, and proved more effective in dealing with outsiders. (See Ternate & Tidore).

By trading with Muslim merchants, Venice came to monopolise the spice trade in Europe between 1200 and 1500, through its dominance over Mediterranean seaways to ports such as Alexandria, after traditional overland connections were disrupted by Mongols and Turks. The financial incentive to discover an alternative to Venice's monopoly control of this lucrative business was perhaps the single most important factor precipitating Europe's Age of Exploration. Portugal took an early lead charting the route around the southern tip of Africa, securing various bases en route, even accidentally discovering the coast of Brazil in the search for favourable Southerly currents. Portugal's eventual success and the establishment of its own absolutist monopoly provoked the other maritime powers in Europe—Spain (see Ferdinand Magellan), France, England and the Netherlands—to challenge and overcome the Portuguese position.

Because of the high value that the spices had in Europe and the large incomes that it produced, the Dutch and British were soon involved in conflicts to try to gain a monopoly over the region. The fighting for control over these small islands became very intense with the Dutch even giving the island of Manhattan to the British in exchange for a small island that gave the Dutch full control over the Banda archipelago. The Bandanese people lost the most in the fighting with most of the people being either slaughtered or enslaved by the Dutch. Over 6,000 were killed during the Spice Wars.

The goal of reaching the Spice Islands, eventually to be enveloped by the Dutch East Indies empire, led to the accidental discovery of the West Indies, and lit the fuse of centuries of rivalry between European maritime powers for control of lucrative global markets and resources. The tattered mystique of the Spice Islands finally died when France and Britain successfully smuggled seeds and plants to their own dominions on Mauritius, Grenada and elsewhere, making spices a more commonplace and affordable commodity.

Further reading

* George Miller (editor), "To The Spice Islands And Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia", Oxford University Press, 1996, Paperback, 310 pages, ISBN 967-65-3099-9
* Severin, Tim "The Spice Island Voyage: In Search of Wallace", Abacus, 1997, paperback, 302 pages, ISBN 0-349-11040-9
* Bergreen, Laurence "Over the Edge of the World", Morrow, 2003, paperback, 480 pages

External links

* [http://www.redlandsfortnightly.org/papers/Moersch01.htm An interesting article linking British possession of Run, a Banda Island, with the history of New York]
* [http://www.booknoise.net/johnseabrook/stories/culture/indonesia/ Jeremy Seabrook on the same theme]
* [http://www.toplumpostasi.net/index.php/cat/9/col/85/art/999/PageName/English Inter-Faith Alliances in the Moluccas]
* [http://www.discover-indo.tierranet.com/spiceIslands01.htm History of the Spice Islands discovery]


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • Spice Islands — former name for the MOLUCCAS …   English World dictionary

  • Spice Islands — noun a group of island in eastern Indonesia between Celebes and New Guinea; settled by the Portuguese but taken by the Dutch who made them the center for a spice monopoly, at which time they were known as Spice Islands • Syn: ↑Moluccas • Instance …   Useful english dictionary

  • Spice Islands — Spice′ Is′lands n. pl. geg former name of the Moluccas …   From formal English to slang

  • Spice Islands — Indonesia’s Moluccas; West Indian islands of Grenada and the Windwards …   Eponyms, nicknames, and geographical games

  • Spice Islands — group of islands in eastern Indonesia (also known as Moluccas) …   English contemporary dictionary

  • Spice Islands — /ˈspaɪs aɪləndz/ (say spuys uyluhndz) plural noun the former name of the Maluku Islands …  

  • Spice Islands — Moluccas. * * * …   Universalium

  • SPICE ISLANDS —    See MOLUCCAS …   The Nuttall Encyclopaedia

  • Spice trade — is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of spices and herbs. Civilizations of Asia were involved in spice trade from the ancient times, and the Greco Roman world soon followed by trading along the Incense… …   Wikipedia

  • Spice (disambiguation) — Spice is a vegetative substance used as a food additive for the purpose of flavoring. The spice trade had a significant impact in the history of human exploration and warfare.Spice may also refer to:A place: * Spice IslandsA Telecom Service… …   Wikipedia

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