Single-system image

In distributed computing, a Single system image cluster is a cluster of machines that appears to be one single system.Citation
last = Pfister | first = Gregory F.
year = 1998
title = In search of clusters
isbn = 978-0138997090
publisher = Prentice Hall PTR
location = Upper Saddle River, NJ
oclc = 38300954] citation
author = Buyya, Rajkumar; Cortes, Toni; Jin, Hai
year = 2001
title = Single System Image
journal = International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications
volume = 15
issue = 2
pages = 124
doi = 10.1177/109434200101500205
url = http://www.buyya.com/papers/SSI-CCWhitePaper.pdf] The interest in SSI clusters is based on the perception that they may be simpler to use and administer than more specialized clusters. Different SSI systems may provide a more or less complete illusion of a single system.

Features of SSI clustering systems

Different SSI systems may, depending on their intended usage, provide some subset of these features.

Process migration

Many SSI systems provide process migration.citation
last = Smith | first = Jonathan M.
year = 1988
title = A survey of process migration mechanisms
journal = ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
volume = 22
pages = 28
doi = 10.1145/47671.47673
url = http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~jms/svy-pm.pdf] Processes may start on one node and be moved to another node, possibly for resource balancing or administrative reasonsfor example it may be necessary to move long running processes off a node that is to be closed down for maintenance] . As processes are moved from one node to another other associated resources, for example IPC resources may be moved with them.

Process checkpointing

Some SSI systems allow checkpointing of running processes, allowing their current state to be saved and reloaded at a later date.Checkpointing is particularly useful in clusters used for high-performance computing, avoiding lost work in case of a cluster or node restart] Checkpointing can be seen as related to migration, migrating a process from one node to another can be implemented by first checkpointing the process, then restarting it on another node. Alternatively checkpointing can be considered as "migration to disk".

ingle process space

Some SSI systems provide the illusion that all processes are running on the same machine - the process management tools (e.g. "ps", "kill" on Unix like systems) operate on all processes in the cluster.

ingle root

Most SSI systems provide a single view of the file system. This may be achieved by a simple NFS server, shared disk devices or even file replication.

The advantage of a single root view is that processes may be run on any available node and access needed files with no special precautions. If the cluster implements process migration a single root view enables direct accesses to the files from the node where the process is currently running.

Some SSI systems provide a way of "breaking the illusion", having some node-specific files even in a single root, e.g. HP TruCluster provides a "context dependent symbolic link" (CDSL) which points to different files depending on the node that accesses it. This may be necessary to deal with "heterogeneous" clusters, where not all nodes have the same configuration.

ingle I/O space

Some SSI systems allow all nodes access the I/O devices (e.g. tapes, disks, serial lines and so on) of other nodes. There may be some restrictions on the kinds of accesses allowed (For example OpenSSI can't mount disk devices from one node on another node).

ingle IPC space

Some SSI systems allow processes on different nodes to communicate using inter-process communications mechanisms as if they were running on the same machine. On some SSI systems this can even include shared memory.

In most cases inter-node IPC will be slower than IPC on the same machine, possibly drastically slower for shared memory. Some SSI clusters include special hardware to reduce this slowdown.

Cluster IP address

Some SSI systems provide a "cluster address", a single address visible from outside the cluster that can be used to contact the cluster as if it were one machine. This can be used for load balancing inbound calls to the cluster, directing them to lightly loaded nodes, or for redundancy, moving the cluster address from one machine to another as nodes join or leave the cluster."leaving a cluster" is often a euphemism for crashing]

ome example SSI clustering systems

ee also

* Computer clusters
* Diskless Shared Root Cluster

Notes

References