Sigismund III Vasa

Infobox Swedish Royalty|monarch
name = Sigismund III Vasa
title =King of Poland and Sweden, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia and Livonia


caption =Painting by Marcin Kober, ca. 1590
succession =King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania
reign = 18 September 1587 – 19 April 1632
coronation = 27 December 1587
predecessor = Anna Jagiellon and Stephen Báthory
successor = Władysław IV
succession1 =King of Sweden
reign1 = 17 November 1592 – 24 July 1599
coronation1 = 19 February 1594
predecessor1 = John III
successor1 = Charles IX
spouse = Anna of Austria Constance of Austria
issue = Władysław IV
John II Casimir
John Albert Vasa
Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole
Alexander Charles Vasa
issue-link = #Marriages and descendants
issue-pipe = among others...
royal house = House of Vasa
royal motto = "Pro jure et populo"
("For justice and the people")
father = John III of Sweden
mother = Catherine Jagellonica
date of birth = 20 June 1566
place of birth = Gripsholm Castle, Sweden
date of death = Death date and age|1632|4|30|1566|6|20|df=yes
place of death = Warsaw, Poland
date of burial = 4 February 1633
place of burial = Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland

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Sigismund III Vasa ( _pl. Zygmunt III Waza) (20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S.) was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Polish Crown, a monarch of joined Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 to 1632, and King of Sweden (where he was known simply as Sigismund) from 1592 until he was deposed in 1599. He was the son of King John III of Sweden and his first wife, Catherine Jagellonica of Poland. He was the last ruler of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth bearing a dynastical blood of House of Gediminas and a branch of it Jagiellons, although from female line. Sigismund owed allegiance to the Imperial Habsburgs as a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

Elected to the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sigismund sought to create a personal union between the Commonwealth and Sweden (Polish-Swedish union), and succeeded for a time in 1592. After he had been deposed in 1595 from the Swedish throne by his uncle, Charles IX of Sweden and a meeting of the Riksens ständer ("Swedish Riksdag"), he spent much of the rest of his life attempting to reclaim it. Hence, his reign initiated a series of dynastic wars ("the Polish-Swedish wars") lasting seven decades between the Commonwealth and Sweden that continued sporadically from 1595 until the 1660s. Due to his failure to achieve anything of lasting importance apart from setting the stage for future devastating wars, some historians, such as Paweł Jasienica, regard his reign as marking the beginning of the end of the Polish Golden Age.

He was commemorated in Warsaw with Zygmunt's Column, commissioned by his son and successor, Władysław IV.

Royal titles

* Royal titles in Latin: "Sigismundus Tertius Dei gratia rex Poloniæ, magnus dux Lithuaniæ, Russiæ, Prussiæ, Masoviæ, Samogitiæ, Livoniæque, necnon Suecorum, Gothorum Vandalorumque hæreditarius rex."

* English translation: "Sigismund III, by the grace of God, king of Poland, grand duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Livonia, and also hereditary king of the Swedes, Goths and Wends."

Sigismund Waza-Jagellon (1566-1632) was elected King of Poland and reigned 1587-1632. By paternal inheritance, he succeeded 1592 as King of Sweden and was regarded as having abdicated 1599 and finally deposed 1604. From his grandmother Bona Sforza he inherited the title of King of Jerusalem.

Biography

He was born at Gripsholm during his parents' imprisonment by King Eric XIV. Although Sweden was Protestant, Sigismund was raised a Catholic. This fact, combined with the troublesome personal union, would later strike back at his attempts to find support in Sweden.

His mother, Katarzyna Jagiellonka, was the daughter of Sigismund I the Old and his wife Bona Sforza. The Jagiellon dynasty had held the crown of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth since the first Jagiellon ruler, Władysław II Jagiełło, had received it in 1386 through his wife Jadwiga Angevin.

In 1587, he was a candidate for the monarch of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, following the death of previous Polish king, Stefan Batory. The election was held in the shadow of conflict between the Polish nobility (szlachta), with the two opposing sides gathered around Chancellor Jan Zamoyski and the Zborowski family. Sigismund, supported by Zamoyski and the former king's wife, Anna Jagiellon, was elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commnwealth on 19 August 1587 and recognized as such by the "interrex", the Primate of Poland, Stanisław Karnkowski.However, the election was disputed by the other candidate, Maximilian III of Austria, and opponents of Sigismund chose not to respect the election outcome, decreeing that Maximilian was the rightful monarch. Neither Sigismund nor Maximilian were present in the Commonwealth at that time. After receiving news of his election, Sigismund quickly departed from Sweden and arrived in Oliwa on 7 October (his landing was delayed due to the hostility from the Protestant Gdańsk). In his Pacta conventa Sigismund accepted a reduction of monarchal power in favour of the Sejm (Commonwealth parliament), which in all probability marked the beginning of the decline of the Commonwealth and the end of Poland as a great power of the era.

Lesser Prussian Treasurer Jan Dulski representing the Crown Marshall Andrzej Opaliński proclaimed him to be the king. Sigismund returned to his ship on the same day, arriving in Gdańsk next day, and after approximately two weeks he had departed to Kraków, where he was crowned on 27 December of that year.

When Maximilian attempted to resolve the dispute by bringing a military force and starting the war of Polish succession, he was defeated at the battle of Byczyna by the supporters of Sigismund, under the command of Polish hetman Jan Zamojski. Maximilian was taken captive and released only after intervention by Pope Sixtus V. In 1589, he waived his right to the Polish crown.

In 1592 he married the Austrian archduchess Anna of Austria (1573-1598)Anna Habsburzanka and after his father's death the same year, he received permission from the Sejm to accept the Swedish throne. After Sigismund promised to uphold Swedish Lutheranism he was crowned king of Sweden in 1594; for a short time there was a personal union between Commonwealth and Sweden (Polish-Swedish union). He tried to rule Sweden from Poland, leaving Sweden under control of a regent, his paternal uncle Duke Charles. In 1596 he succeeded in creating the Union of Brest, which attempted to bring part of the Orthodox religion into Catholicism. In the same year he transferred the capital of Poland from Kraków to Warsaw.

After his wife Anna died in 1598, he married her sister Constance of Austria in 1605. Troubles were growing on the southern border of the Commonwealth, where Jan Zamoyski and other magnates were engaged in the Magnate wars in Moldavia. Eventually after the defeat of Polish forces in the battle of Cecora in 1620 Commonwealth would have to relinquish its claims to the Principality of Moldavia.

Due to Sigismund's strong support of the Counter Reformation, his support in largely Protestant Sweden eroded quickly. Charles soon took full control of Sweden and rebelled against Sigismund, ostensibly due to fears that Sigismund might re-Catholicize Sweden. In 1598 Sigismund tried to defeat him with a mixed army from Sweden and Poland but was defeated at the Battle of Stångebro. Sigismund was forbidden to rule Sweden from abroad but nevertheless returned to Poland, and so in 1599 was deposed. This and his decision to incorporate Livonia into the Commonwealth led to the Polish-Swedish War, which lasted, with minor breaks, to 1629. Little was gained in this war by either side. The kingship was ultimately ceded to Charles. Sigismund, however, did not relinquish his claim to the Swedish throne, and his subsequent foreign policy was aimed at regaining the Swedish crown. This led to bitter relations and several wars between the two countries, to end only after the Great Northern War.

In 1605 Sigismund attempted to strengthen the monarch's power by asking the "Sejm" (the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's parliament) to limit the "liberum veto", increase taxes, and augment the military. His opponents, led by Mikołaj Zebrzydowski, declared a "confederation" and "rokosz" at Sandomierz, leading to a civil war known as "rokosz Zebrzydowskiego". Eventually, royalist forces defeated the "rokosz"ans on 6 July 1607 at the Battle of Guzów, but the eventual compromise was a return to the "status quo ante" from before 1605.

Another important conflict in his reign was the Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618), also known as The Dymitriads. Sigismund and many Polish magnates attempted to exploit the Muscovite civil war (the Time of Troubles), and after a lengthy war the 1618 Truce of Deulino gave some territorial concessions to the Commonwealth (mainly the Smoleńsk Voivodship). Nonetheless, this war increased tensions between Poland and Russia, and ruined the prospects for a Polish-Lithuanian-Muscovy Commonwealth.

Sigismund was a talented painter and goldsmith: of his three paintings that survive until the present day one was for centuries erroneously attributed to Tintoretto; from his workshop came the main part of the famous silver coffin of St. Adalbert of Prague at the Cathedral in Gniezno.

Sigismund died at the age of 65 in the Royal Castle in Warsaw.

Sigismund's politics

Many historians believe that Sigismund viewed Poland only as a tool that would allow him to eventually regain the throne of Sweden. To this end he tried to strengthen his royal power and allied himself with Habsburgs and Counter-Reformation forces. Those politics were opposed by many from Polish nobility (the szlachta), most notably the chancellor Jan Zamojski. This led to a semi-legal rebellion against the king (rokosz), known as rokosz of Zebrzydowski (1606 – 1608), which was a response to Sigismund attempt to introduce majority voting in place of unanimity in the Sejm. Eventually Sigismund's loyalist forces were victorious, but the rebels went unpunished. Partially in order to pacify the restless szlachta, Sigismund supported war with Muscovy (the Dimitriads, 1608 – 1618). Although Commonwealth forces were almost constantly shuffled between wars in the East (with Muscovy), north (with Sweden) and South (with Ottomans - the Polish-Ottoman wars), Sigismund took advantage of Russia civil war (the Time of Troubles and secured temporary territorial gains for the Commonwealth.

While Sigismund never managed to regain the Swedish throne, his politics of personal ambition did succeed in provoking a long series of conflicts between the Commonwealth and Sweden and Muscovy. While the Commonwealth Sejm managed to thwart many ambitious (and dangerous) offensive plans of Sigismund (and later of his son, Wladislaw), the Vasa dynasty nonetheless succeeded in partially drawing the Commonwealth into the Thirty Years' War. This senseless conflict with Sweden, combined with wars against Ottomans and Muscovy, eventually culminated well after Sigismund's death in the series of events known as The Deluge, which ended the Golden Age of the Commonwealth.

During his reign he allowed the Brandenburg Hohenzollerns to inherit Ducal Prussia.

Gallery

Ancestors

Sigismund III Vasa's ancestors to three generations
ahnentafel-compact4
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boxstyle_1=background-color: #999;
boxstyle_2=background-color: #bbb;
boxstyle_3=background-color: #ddd;
boxstyle_4=background-color: #eee;
1= Sigismund III Vasa
2= John III of Sweden
3= Catherine Jagellonica of Poland
4= Gustav I of Sweden
5= Margaret Leijonhufvud
6= Sigismund I the Old
7= Bona Sforza
8= Erik Johansson (Vasa)
9= Cecilia Månsdotter (Eka)
10=Erik Abrahamsson (Leijonhufvud)
11=Ebba Eriksdotter (Vasa)
12=Casimir IV Jagiellon
13=Elisabeth of Austria
14=Gian Galeazzo Sforza
15=Isabella of Naples

Marriages and descendants

Sigismund married twice. Firstly, on May 31, 1592, to Anna of Austria (1573 – 1598), daughter of Archduke Charles II of Austria (1540 – 1590) and his wife Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551-1608). They had five children:

#Anna Maria (23 May 1593 – 1600)
#Catherine (9 May 1594 – 1594)
#Vladislaus (1595 – 1648), (reigned 1632 – 1648 as Władysław IV Waza of Poland)
#Catherine (27 Sept 1596 – 1597)
#Christopher (10 Feb 1598 – 1598)

And secondly, on December 11, 1605, to his first wife's sister, Constance of Austria (1588 – 1631). They had seven children:

#John Casimir (25 Dec 1607 – 14 Jan 1608)
#John Casimir (1609 – 1672), (reigned 1648 – 1668 as John Casimir II Vasa of Poland)
#John Albert (1612 – 1634)
#Carles Ferdinand (1613 – 1655)
#Alexander Charles (1614 – 1634)
#Anna Constance (26 Jan 1616 - 24 May1616)
#Anna Catherine Constance (7 Aug 1619 – 8 Oct 1651)

Patronage

Other

Sigismund III Vasa is one of the personages in a famous painting by Jan Matejko, depicting the preaching of Piotr Skarga.

References

ee also

* List of Swedish monarchs
* History of Poland (1569-1795)
* History of Sweden
* Foundation of Modern Sweden
* Unions of Sweden
* Kolumna Zygmunta
* Urszula Mayerin - mistress of Sigismund III