Hilbert scheme

In algebraic geometry, a branch of mathematics, a Hilbert scheme is a scheme that is the parameter space for the closed subschemes of some projective space (or a more general scheme), refining the Chow variety. The Hilbert scheme is a disjoint union of projective subschemes corresponding to Hilbert polynomials. The basic theory of Hilbert schemes was developed by harvs|first=Alexander|last= Grothendieck|authorlink=Alexander Grothendieck|year=1961.

Hilbert scheme of projective space

The Hilbert scheme Hilb_{P_n} of "n"-dimensional projective space classifies closed subschemes of projective space in the following sense: For any locally Noetherian scheme "S", the set of "S"-valued points

:Hom(S,Hilb_{P_n})

of the Hilbert scheme is naturally isomorphic to the set of closed subschems of P_n×"S" that are flat over "S". The closed subschems of P_n×"S" that are flat over "S" can informally be thought of as the families of subschemes of projective space parameterized by "S". The Hilbert scheme Hilb_{P_n} breaks up as a disjoint union pieces Hilb_{P_n}^"P" corresponding to the Hilbert polynomial of the subschemes of projective space with Hilbert polynomial "P". Each of these pieces is projective over Spec(Z).

Construction

Grothendieck constructed the Hilbert scheme as a subscheme of a Grassmannian defined by the vanishing of various determinants.

If "X" is a subscheme of "n"-dimensional projective space, then "X" corresponds to a graded ideal "I"_"X" of the polynomial ring "S" in "n"+1 variables, with graded pieces "I"_"X"("m"). For sufficiently large "m", depending only on the Hilbert polynomial "P" of "X", all higher cohomology groups of "X" with coefficients in O("m") vanish, so in particular "I"_"X"("m") has dimension "Q"("m") − "P"("m"), where "Q" is the Hilbert polynomial of projective space.

Pick a sufficiently large value of "m". The "Q"("m") − "P"("m")-dimensional space "I"_"X"("m") is a subspace of the "Q"("m")-dimensional space "S"("m"), so represents a point of the Grassmannian "G"("Q"("m") − "P"("m"), "Q"("m")). This will give an embedding of the piece of the Hilobert scheme corresponding to the Hilbert polynomial "P" into this Grassmannian.

It remains to describe the scheme structure on this image, in other words to describe enough elements for the ideal corresponding to it. Enough such elements are given by the conditions that the map from "I"_"X"("m") &otimes;"S"("k") to "S"("k"+"m") has rank at most dim("I"_"X"("k"+"m")) for all positive "k", which is equivalent to the vanishing of various determinants. (A more careful analysis shows that it is enough just to take "k"=1.)

Variations

Properties

harvtxt|Macaulay|1927 determined for which polynomials the Hilbert scheme Hilb_{P_n}^"P" is non-empty, andharvtxt|Hartshorne|1966 showed that if Hilb_{P_n}^"P" is non-empty then it is linearly connected. So two subschemes of projective space are in the same connected component of the Hilbert scheme if and only if they have the same Hilbert polynomial.

Hilbert schemes can have bad singularities, such as irreducible components that are non-reduced at all points. They can also have irreducible components of unexpectedly high dimension. For example, one might expect the Hilbert scheme of "d" points (more precisely dimension 0, degree "d" subschemes) of a scheme of dimension "n" to have dimension "dn", but if "n"≥3 its irreducible components can have much larger dimension.

Hilbert scheme of points on a manifold

"Hilbert scheme" sometimesrefers to the punctual Hilbert scheme of 0-dimensional subschemes on a scheme. Informally this can be thought of as something like finite collections of points on a scheme, though this picture can be very misleading when several points coincide.

There is a Hilbert-Chow morphism from the reduced Hilbert scheme of points to the Chow variety of cycles taking any 0-dimensional scheme to its associated 0-cycle. harvs|last=Fogarty|year1=1968|year2=1969|year3=1973.

The Hilbert scheme $M^{ [n] }$ of $n$ points on $M$ is equipped with a natural morphism to an $n$ -thsymmetric product of $M$ . This morphism isbirational for "M" of dimension at most 2. For "M" of dimension at least 3 the morphism is not birational for large "n": the Hilbert scheme is in general reducible and has components of dimension much larger than that of the symmetric product.

The Hilbert scheme of points on a curve "C"(dimension 1 complex manifold) is isomorphic to a symmetric power of "C". It is smooth.

The Hilbert scheme of $n$ points on a surface isalso smooth (Grothendieck). If $n=2$ , it is a blow-up of a singular subvariety on a symmetric square of $M$ . It was used by Mark Haiman in his proofof the positivity of the coefficients of some Macdonald polynomials.

The Hilbert scheme of a smooth manifold of dimension3 or more is usually not smooth.

Hilbert schemes and hyperkähler geometry

Let $M$ be a complex Kähler surface with $c_1=0$ (K3 surface or a torus). The canonical bundle of $M$ is trivial,as follows from Kodaira classification of surfaces. hence $M$ admits a holomorphic symplectic form.It was observed by Fujiki (for $n=2$ ) and
Beauville that $M^{ [n] }$ is also holomorphically symplectic. This is not very difficult to see, e.g., for $n=2$ .Indeed, $M^{ [2] }$ is a blow-up of a symmetric square of $M$ .Singularities of $Sym^2 M$ are locally isomorphic to ${Bbb C}^2 imes {Bbb C}^2/{pm 1}$ . The blow-upof ${Bbb C}^2/{pm 1}$ is $T^*{Bbb C} P^1$ , and thisspace is symplectic. This is used to show that thesymplectic form is naturally extended to the smooth part of the exceptional divisors of $M^{ [n] }$ . It is extended to the rest of $M^{ [n] }$ by Hartogs' principle.

A holomorphically symplectic, Kähler manifoldis hyperkähler, as follows from Calabi-Yau theorem.Hilbert schemes of points on K3 and a 4-dimensional torus give two series of examplesof hyperkähler manifolds: a Hilbert scheme of points on K3 and a generalized Kummer manifold.

References

External links

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