Roller coaster inversion

A roller coaster inversion is an element of a roller coaster track that turns riders upside-down and then rights them.cite web |url=http://www.coasterglobe.com/features/history-inversion/index.cfm |title=The History of the Inversion |accessdate=2007-08-23 |author=Kay, James |date=2007 |work=CoasterGlobe ] cite web |url=http://www.sixflagshouston.com/dictionary/ |title=Roller coaster dictionary |accessdate=2007-08-23 |date=2007 |work=Six Flags Houston fan site ] The degree to which it must invert riders is nebulous and a point of contention when it comes to elements like overbanked turns, which turn riders such that their heads are below their feet, but are not considered inversions. [cite web |url=http://www.ultimaterollercoaster.com/coasters/new00/cp_millennium/ |title=Millennium Force: Cedar Point |accessdate=2007-08-23 |author=Gieszl, Eric |date=1999 |work=ultimaterollercoaster.com ] The first inversions, built in the early 1900s, were circular vertical loops that accumulated massive g-forces, causing stress on riders' necks. In 1975, designers from Arrow Dynamics developed the corkscrew, and the inversion was revived. Since then, elements have evolved from the simple vertical loop to massive Cobra rolls. With ten inversions, "Colossus" of Thorpe Park in Chertsey, England is the record holder for roller coaster with the most inversions ("Tenth Ring Roller Coaster" of Chimelong Paradise in Guangzhou, China, also holds the record, but is a duplicate of Colossus).

History

Prototypes (1848–1903)

The first inversion in roller coaster history was the "Centrifugal Railway" of Paris, France, built in 1848. It consisted of a 43 foot (13 meter) sloping track leading into a nearly circular vertical loop, 13 feet (3.9 m).cite web |url=http://www.ultimaterollercoaster.com/coasters/history/timeline.shtml |title=Roller Coaster History: Timeline |accessdate=2007-08-23 |author=Gieszl |date=2006 |work=ultimaterollercoaster.com ] During the early 1900s, many rides including vertical loops appeared around the world. These early loops had a major design flaw: the circular structure developed intense g-forces (hereafter "Gs"). The "Flip-Flap Railway", built by an unknown contractor in 1898 on Coney Island of Brooklyn, New York, reached 12 Gs and snapped riders' necks. In 1903, the same person making a second attempt, built Loop-the-Loops, another looping coaster, in the same park. The loops, while not truly circular like the "Flip-Flap Railway", were slightly oval, but not clothoid in shape like modern loops.cite web |url=http://www.coasterville.com/history.htm |title=History of Roller Coasters |accessdate=2007-08-23 |author=Bowers, David |date=2007 |work=Coasterville ] Although the ride was safe, it had a low capacity, loading four people every five minutes (48 people per hour, compared to 1800 riders of Corkscrew (1976), an early modern coaster), and was poorly received after the tragedies of the "Flip-Flap Railway". As their novelty wore off and their dangerous reputation spread, compounded with the developing Great Depression, the early looping coasters faded and disappeared.

Corkscrew (1968–1976)

It wasn't until the 1970s that the concept of inverting riders was revisited. In 1968, Karl Bacon, of Arrow Dynamics, created a prototype steel roller coaster with a corkscrew, the first of its kind. The prototyped proved that a tubular steel track, first pioneered by the Matterhorn Bobsleds in 1959, could execute inversions both safely and reliably. The full model of the prototype, aptly named "Corkscrew", was then installed in Knott's Berry Farm of Buena Park, California, making history as the world's first modern inverting roller coaster (it was relocated to Silverwood Park of Idaho in 1990). In 1976, the disastrous vertical loop was successfully revived when Anton Schwarzkopf of Intamin AG constructed the "Great American Revolution" at Six Flags Magic Mountain of Valencia, California, which became the world's first complete circuit looping roller coaster. Another roller coaster named "Corkscrew", built in Cedar Point of Ohio, became the first with three inversions.

Innovations (1977-present)

The next few years brought new innovations that are still popular in modern coasters. The shuttle roller coaster (non-complete circuit) was invented by Schwarzkopf in 1977, and realized at Kings Dominion with the "King Kobra" coaster. These early incarnations used the weight-drop mechanism (as opposed to the later Flywheel methods) to launch the trains. Built in 1978, the "Loch Ness Monster" in Busch Gardens Europe became the first coaster with interlocking loops. [cite web |url=http://www.rcdb.com/id110.htm |title=Loch Ness Monster |accessdate=2007-08-23 |author=Marden, Duane |date=2007 |work=Roller Coaster Database ] It is still the only coaster with this feature, as the only other coasters with interlocking loops are now defunct: "Lightnin' Loops", built by Arrow in Six Flags Great Adventure, was sold in 1992, [cite web |url=http://www.amusementpics.com/Lightnin%20Loops.htm |title=Lightnin' Loops |accessdate=2007-08-23 |date=2007 |work=Amusement Pics ] and "Orient Express" of Worlds of Fun was demolished in 2003. [cite web |url=http://www.rcdb.com/id21.htm |title=Orient Express |accessdate=2007-08-23 |author=Marden, Duane |date=2007 |work=Roller Coaster Database ] The first Schwartzkopf shuttle loops with a flywheel launch also first appeared in 1978. Arrow's "Irn Bru Revolution", Europe's first looping coaster, was built in 1979, at Pleasure Beach Blackpool of England. In 1980, two vertical loops were added to two corkscrew coasters, both renamed "The Demon", giving them the distinction of being first with four inversions. The "Orient Express" opened at Worlds of Fun of Kansas City, Missouri in 1980, with the newly invented batwing, a single track element with two inversions.

In 1981, Vekoma invented the "Boomerang" coaster model, which became the most duplicated roller coaster ever. The first "Boomerang" was built at Reino Aventura (now Six Flags México) of Mexico City, Mexico in 1982. cite web |url=http://www.iaapa.org/industry/funworld/2004/Jul04/Features/Versatile_Vekoma/Versatile_Vekoma.html |title=Versatile Vekoma |accessdate=2007-08-23 |author=Marden, Duane |date=2004 |work=Fun World: International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions Magazine ] The "Boomerang" has had over 50 clones built worldwide from Doha, Qatar to Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 1982 also brought the first five inversion coaster, Arrow's The Viper at Darien Lake. [cite web |url=http://www.bannister.org/coasters/parks/six_flags_darien_lake.htm |title=Coasters: Parks: Six Flags Darien Lake |accessdate=2007-08-23 |author=Bannister, Richard F. |date=2007 |work= Richard Bannister: Track Record ]

The record number for number of inversions was broken quickly in the following years. Arrow's "Vortex" of Kings Island, built in 1987, was the first to have six. The next year, "Shockwave" of Six Flags Great America broke that record with seven inversions. In 1995, "Dragon Khan" in PortAventura of Spain became the first to have eight.

with a vertical loop. Until then, all roller coasters with any inversions at all were steel. In December 2006, however, the loop was removed to make it possible to use lighter trains, as well as an incident where one of the ride's trains' riders all complained of whiplash.

In 2001, "X", designed by Arrow, opened in Six Flags Magic Mountain. It is marketed as the world's first Fourth dimension roller coaster, with rotating cars in addition to the track elements. This adds another difficulty in delineating the number of inversions such rides have. As the riders physically rotate 360 degrees, proponents insist the number of inversions should not include only track elements. According to Guinness World Records, the roller coaster with the most inversions counted this way is "Eejanaika" ( _ja. ええじゃないか, Ain't it great?), essentially a clone of "X", in Fuji-Q Highland of Fujiyoshida, Japan, which rotates riders 14 times. Counting only track elements, however, "Colossus" of Thorpe Park in Chertsey, England, built in 2002, holds the record as the first with ten inversions.

ee also

*Roller coaster elements - includes a list of inversions

References

External links

* [http://www.rcdb.com/er.htm Element Cross Reference] at Roller Coaster Database