Kiev Metro

Infobox Public transit
name = Kiev Metro
Київський метрополітен
"Kyivs'kyi metropoliten"

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imagesize = 75px
locale = Kiev
transit_type = Rapid transit
began_operation = 1960-06-11
system_length = km to mi|59.7|abbr=yes|precision=1
lines = 3
vehicles = 664 cars (in 131 trains)
stations = 46
ridership = 1.6 million (approximate)
track_gauge = RailGauge|1520
operator = "Kyivskyi Metropoliten"
owner = Kiev City Council

The Kiev Metro ( _uk. Київський метрополітен or Київське метро; _ru. Киевский метрополитен, Киевское метро) is a metro system that is the mainstay of Kiev's public transport. It was the first rapid transit system in Ukraine and the third one built in the USSR (after Moscow and St. Petersburg Metros). The system carries a daily 1.7 million passenger load, accounting for 34% of the Kiev's public transport load. In 2005, the total number of trips exceeded 600 million. The deepest station in the world Arsenalna at 102 metres is found on the system.

Infrastructure

Lines and stations

The metro follows a standard Soviet triangle three line, six radii layout that intersects in the centre where the stations are built very deep underground and could potentially double as bomb shelters.

Presently, there are 46 stations of which almost half are deep level and the rest sub-surface. The former comprise 20 stations, of which 15 are of pylon type, 3 are of column type, and 2 stations are wall-columned. Of the 20bsub-surface stations, 12 stations are of pillar-trispan type, two are side-platform pillar bi-spans, 5 more are single-vaults, and a further one is an asymmetrical double deck trispan. In addition, 6 stations are located above ground, of which four are surface level, and two are flyover. Most of the stations have large vestibules, some on surface level whilst others are underground interlinked with subways. Recently, access for disabled persons, previously overlooked, has become an important issue, and all new stations have been constructed with necessary provisions.

Three yards provide a total of 664 metro cars which form 131 trainsets that travel on 58.8 km of track length carrying 1.6 million passengers daily between 6:00 and until 0:00 when the metro is open.

Ticket prices

As of 2006, a one-way ticket in the Kiev Metro costs 0.50 Hryvnias regardless of destination, and it is possible to go to almost any place without getting out of the Metro. Plastic tokens are used for turnstiles; the tokens can be bought from the cashiers at any station, or at automatic exchange machines, which exchange 1 and 2 Hryvnia bills into tokens. In addition to the tokens on some stations, some of the turnstiles are designed to accept 50 kopiykas coins. Monthly metro passes with a magnetic string are available for frequent passengers. There are turnstiles designed to read the magnetic string on each station. This technology has not been perfected yet, and it may require several repeat attempts for the ticket to be read — but this system is expected to replace tokens in the future. Older passes, especially for those who have state benefits for free transport (e.g. pensioners) bypass the turnstiles altogether by showing their social cards.

[
turnstiles.]

A new system with RFID-based cards and readers is under development. A proposal to set prices according to the distance traveled, or time spent in the metro, is currently being discussed. For this purpose, turnstiles have already been installed near metro exits.

Originally the Metro ride cost 0.5 Soviet rubles (50 kopecks), however in 1961 following Soviet denomination, and for the next 30 years, the ride was fixed at (5 kopecks). Since 1991 as the country suffered from hyperinflation the price gradually rose by 1996 to 30,000 rubles (karbovanets), which is more than 500,000 times what it was in the beginning. Following the 1996 denomination 30,000 rubles (karbovanets) became 0.3 Hryvnias (30 kopiyok), and since then only once was the price increased, to the current 50 kopiyok in 2000. Formally, the price is set by the Kiev City Administration, subject to approval of the national government.

History

The story for a rapid transit system in Kiev originates back to 1916 when businessmen of the Russo-American trading corporation attempted to collect funds to sponsor construction of a metro in Kiev, which previously has been a pioneering city for Imperial Russian rapid transit, like opening of the first Russian tram system. After the downfall of the Tsarist government Hetman Skoropadsky was also much interested in building the system, but after the downfall of the Hetmanate in the autumn of 1918 Ukraine plunged into chaos of Civil War and the project was shelved for good.

Following the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War, Kiev became only a provincial city and no large scale proposals to improve the city were drawn. Two decades later all this changed when in 1934, the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev. In 1936 the presidium of the Kiev Municipal Soviet analysed the first report by the Moscow Institute for Transport Engineering proposing an underground system for the reconstruction of the new capital. Funds were already allocated to plan the development, but it was discontinued in 1938 when preparation for the World War II became a priority.

Following the terrible destruction suffered by the city in the war, a massive reconstruction was opened for the capital of the third largest city in the USSR. This time the Metro was in the plan and construction began in August 1949. Eleven years later the first 5.2 kilometre segment from the Vokzalna to Dnipro.

Those five stations formed the central part of what is today known as the Sviatoshynsko-Brovarska Line, which runs from the west to the east of the city. The line crossed the Dnieper river in 1965 across a newly constructed Metro Bridge and went east to the large residential areas being built on the left bank of the river, with subsequent extensions in 1968 and 1971. At the same time it extended to Kiev's westernmost residential areas of Sviatoshyn and Bilychi in three stages 1963, 1971 and 2003. Construction of the second line began in the early 1970s and the first three stations were opened in 1976. What became known as the Kurenivsko-Chervonoarmiyska Line continued expanding. In two stages (in 1980 and 1982) it reached Obolon, then the largest residential district, in northern Kiev. At the same time construction continued to the southwest with new stations added in 1981 and 1984.

Construction of the third, Syretsko-Pecherska Line began in 1981 for the first three station segment to open in 1989 in central Kiev. Following a northwest-southeast axis, in 1991 it continued up to the left bank of the Dnieper and by 1992 crossed the river and continued into the rapidly developing Poznyaky and Kharkivskyi residential districts which it reached in 1994. In mid late 1990s construction began on expansion to the older Syrets district in the northwest direction with stations opening in 1996, 2000 and 2004. In addition some of the intermediate stations were deliberately left unfinished and opened later: Pecherska (Opened in 1997) and Vyrlytsia (in 2006).

Architecture

Like all Metro systems in the former Soviet Union which are known for their vivid and colourful decorations, Kiev's is no exception. The original stations of the first stage are elaborately decorated, showing the postwar Stalinist architecture blended with traditional Ukrainian motifs. However as the stations were built in a time when the richly decorated Stalinist feature was already seen as nothing but an extra, the stations of the second stage that opened in 1963 had an ascetic and strict appearance. Functionality became the most important factor in the newer designs, and stations built at that time were almost identical save the design of tile patterns and pillar riveting material. Only in the 1970s did decorative architecture start to make a rapid recovery. The stations built from the 1980s onwards show more innovative design comparing with the stations in other cities in former USSR.

Also, some of the older stations have undergone upgrades to lighting and renovation of some decorative material. After the declaration of Ukrainian independence following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, some of the Soviet symbols originally incorporated into decor were adapted to modern times or removed altogether by altering architectural composition of those stations, making them lose some of their original splendour.

Language issues

The use of Russian and Ukrainian languages in the Kiev metro can be taken as a good illustration of the linguistic policies of the Soviet Union and Ukraine. When the Metro was opened in 1960, although many workers and all technical level documents were using Russian, nevertheless all the signs and announcements used Ukrainian exclusively. The closeness of the languages did allow for every station to have a Russian translation and these were often given in Russian language literature and media. However some Ukrainian names for stations were different from Russian ones, and to signify this, those stations were semi-translated into Russian, effectively blending Ukrainian words into Russian grammar. Examples of this include "Zhovtneva" and "Chervonoarmiyska" (later renamed to Beresteiska and Palats Ukrayina respectively) which when translated into Russian would become "Oktyabrskaya" and "Krasnoarmeiskaya." The names were instead given as "Zhovtnevaya" and "Chervonoarmeiskaya."

During the 1980s, partly due to Shcherbytsky's gradual Russification campaign, and partly due to Kiev becoming increasingly Russophone, the metro started to change as well. Although the stations retained their original Ukrainian titles on the vestibules, Russian appeared together with Ukrainian on the walls, and replaced Ukrainian in signs and voice announcements. Stations that were opened during this period still had Ukrainian names appearing along with Russian ones on the walls, but now all the decorations, where slogans were included, became bilingual as well. Also during this time, the unique practice of blending Ukrainian into Russian was dropped, and those selected stations were named in standard Russian translation.

During the Perestroika in late 1980s, bilingualism was gradually introduced in signs and in voice announcements in the trains. Prior to 1991, this was done with Ukrainian following Russian, but after the republic's proclamation of independence in August 1991 the order was changed to Ukrainian preceding Russian. After the fall of the Soviet Union in late 1991, both signs and voice announcements were changed from bilingualism to just Ukrainian due to the Ukrainianization policy. However, the Russian names are still used in Russian-language literature and some documentation, and some of the decorations still feature bilingual inscriptions.

Recently, most older signs that featured Latin transliteration of Ukrainian names along with English titles such as "transfer to" or "exit" have been replaced. Most of these were in a separate, paler font.

Operation

Management

The Kiev Metro is managed by the state-owned city municipal company "Kyivsky Metropoliten" which was privatised in the early 1990s from the Ministry of Rail services (formally known as "Kievsky Metropoliten Ordena Lenina, Imeni V.I.Lenina"). The Metro employs several thousand workers in tunnel and track, station and rolling stock management. In addition to being state sponsored for operation, income comes from ticket sales and from advertisements (controlled by a daughter company "Metroreklama") that are displayed in most stations. Metro building is organised by a daughter company "Kievmetrostroy" which allocates segments of construction to individual brigades that are responsible for tunnel and station construction. Kievmetrostroy is directly funded by the profits of the Metro and by the state. Most of the state funding comes from Kiev's municipality and additional subventions are received from the State budget directly.

Quality

On the whole the condition of the metro is satisfactory for most people and in some respect, due to recent drastic changes, actually supersedes that of many western cities. For example vandalism and graffiti are much less common in Kiev. Public order, once a major issue for the Metro is now being maintained with Militsiya (public safety) personnel on all stations. Measures taken now effectively ensure that most alcoholics and beggars are kept out of the system. In the wake of recent terrorist fears, all of the stations are now fit with CCTV surveillance cameras.

The rolling stock is often repaired and renovated internally and externally. Newer models are being procured at the same time.

There are restrictions on the size of luggage that passengers are allowed to carry, and those that do are required to pay additional fees. Bicycles and animals are not allowed. Until recently, amateur photography was frowned upon, and video shooting remains illegal. Provisions for disabled people, until recently, were non-existent. However, the new stations are now fitted with lifts and plans are underway to upgrade the older stations as well.

Future plans

Despite its already impressive size, the future of the Kiev Metro calls for it to nearly double in length by 2030-35. Presently several projects are underway:
# The Holosiiv-Teremky extension, originally planned for the 1990s, but cut in preference of the development for the Syretsko-Pecehrska Line, will extend the Kurenivsko-Chervonoarmiyska to Kiev's south-western districts of Holosiiv and Teremky. The first stage is under construction and will be completed by the turn of the decade (2009-10). Subsequent extension is not announced, but will include two branches with five stations in total.
# The Podilsko-Voskresenska Line. Possibly one of the most ambitious projects, but nonetheless a very important one, the fourth line of the Kiev Metro will connect the northern Troieschyna districts of the left bank with the future business centre of Trukhaniv Island on the Dnieper River, from there it will continue into the Podil region. This is the stage that is presently under construction as the river crossing is essential and will be, like in two previous cases, both automobile and Metro. However the line will continue eastwards along the northern slope of the Starokyivska Hora and into the northwestern part of central Kiev, where it will turn south and reach the Kiev Passenger Railway Station. In doing so it will offer transfers to all three other Metro lines and thus relieve the over-congested transfer points in the centre. The Voskeresenky radius is the last planned stage which will bring the line to Kiev's Zhuliany airport and the residential districts on the way there. It is thought that this project the first part of it to open circa 2015 will be finished within 10 years by 2025.
# Darnytsia extension of the Syretsko-Pecherska Line, will continue from the existing station of Boryspilska and turn by nearly 90 degrees northwestwards toward the new Darnytsia Railway Station connecting the residential area in between, construction is to finish by 2020.
# Vynohradar extension on the opposite end of the Syretsko-Pecherksa a three station extension to the Vynohradar district in north western Kiev is approved, and will be completed by 2015-20
#Livoberezhna Line. The northern end of the fifth line of the system presently exists already as part of the Kiev tram, however it will require conversion and will be temporarly operated by the Podilsko-Voskresenska Line as a branch. Eventually a southwards extension will commence that will follow along the left bank of the Dnieper to Southern Osokorky district, this will be the last project in the Metro that is envisioned in the present expansion plan and is not expected to be completed until the end of 2030s.

If all of this is completed the Metro will rise from the present 45 stations to approximately 100, which will include several ghost stations on the Syretko-Pecherska Line. In the more distant future it is expected that rapid transit be developed further including a surface ring railroad which will go around Kiev, and a rapid rail exchange with the Boryspil Airport.

ee also

* List of rapid transit systems
* Transport in Ukraine

References

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External links

* [http://www.metro.kiev.ua/ Kyivsky Metropoliten] — Official website uk icon
* [http://www.metropoliten.kiev.ua/ Kievsky Metropoliten] — Popular site, supported by metrofan Vadim Dzygoon ru icon
* [http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/kie/kiev.htm UrbanRail] — Description and images en icon
* [http://81717.kiev.ua/ 81-717 Kiyev] : Photo gallery — Popular site, supported by metrofan Denis Andreanov ru icon
* [http://www.metrosoyuza.net Metro Soyuza] — Images and basic info ru icon/de icon
* [http://metro.zarohem.cz/kyjev/index.html Zarohem] — Extensive collection of Images, Video and Audio cs icon