Battle of Hohenfriedberg

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Hohenfriedberg


caption=Battle of Hohenfriedberg, "Attack of the Prussian Infantry" , by Carl Röchling. Oil on canvas.
partof=the Second Silesian War of the War of the Austrian Succession
date=4 June, 1745
place=Striegau, present-day Poland
result=Decisive Prussian Victory
combatant1=flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy ["1911 Encyclopedia Britannica", entry National Flags: "The Austrian imperial standard has, on a yellow ground, the black double-headed eagle, on the breast and wings of which are imposed shields bearing the arms of the provinces of the empire . The flag is bordered all round, the border being composed of equal-sided triangles with their apices alternately inwards and outwards, those with their apices pointing inwards being alternately yellow and white, the others alternately scarlet and black ." Also, Whitney Smith, "Flags through the ages and across the world", McGraw-Hill, England, 1975 ISBN 0-07-059093-1, pp.114 - 119, "The imperial banner was a golden yellow cloth...bearing a black eagle...The double-headed eagle was finally established by Sigismund as regent...".] Austria
flag|Saxony|kingdom
combatant2=flag|Prussia|1701
commander1=Charles of Lorraine
Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels
commander2=Frederick the Great
strength1=58,700 [Chandler: "The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough," p.306]
122 guns
strength2=58,500
192 guns
casualties1=8,650 dead or wounded,
5,080 captured
casualties2=4,800

The Battle of Hohenfriedberg or "Hohenfriedeberg", now Dobromierz, was one of the crowning achievements of Frederick the Great. Frederick's Prussian army decisively defeated an Austrian army under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine on June 4, 1745 during the War of the Austrian Succession.

Background

Austria sought to regain Silesia, which she had lost to Prussia in the Battle of Mollwitz. An Austrian army of about 60,000 (including allied Saxon troops) marched to Silesia. The commander was Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine (brother-in-law of Empress Maria Theresa). The Duke of Weissenfels commanded the Saxons.

Frederick had a very low opinion of his counterpart, saying of Prince Charles Alexander that "there will be some stupid mistakes." In fact, Frederick was counting on Charles entering Silesia by crossing the Riesengebirge (Giant Mountains). If he did, Frederick intended to pounce on the Austrian army and crush it in one decisive blow. Von Zieten's hussars shadowed the Austrian army, keeping Frederick informed of their position as he awaited the right moment to strike that blow. When the Prince finally did cross in early June, Frederick saw his opportunity to attack.

The Austrian army marched some 50 km northeast from the Riesengebirge to Striegau (now Strzegom). They encamped near Striegau, with the Saxons just northwest of the town at Pilgrimshain and the Austrians spreading out west and south to the village of Hohenfriedberg. Their front was covered by the Striegau River, which ran north and then west through Striegau town. The Prussian army was camped south of the town.

Frederick's scouts located the Austro-Saxon forces. Frederick decided to march north with his whole force, right in front of the Austrians, cross the Striegau by a bridge just west of town, and attack the Saxons first. With the Saxons routed, Frederick would then roll up the Austrian line from east to west. He also decided to march by night, concealing his movement, and thus surprise the Saxons. His commander Richard de Moulin led the march.

To achieve surprise, Frederick ordered his troops to leave their campfires burning and tents pitched, and forbade them to talk or smoke during the march.

Battle

Frederick's plan soon encountered difficulties. There was not enough space for all of Frederick's troops on the designated route. A bottleneck soon developed at the bridge over the Striegau, so only limited forces were able to make it over.

The first Prussian objective was two hills in front of the Saxon lines. The Saxons had occupied these two hills the previous day with a small force. The Prussian vanguard encountered this force; the resulting clash alerted the Saxons and prevented the complete surprise Frederick hoped for.

De Moulin decided to bypass the hills and strike right at the Saxon camp before the Saxons could deploy. The Prussian attack began at about 7:00 AM.

Some Saxon cavalry got out on the field, but the Prussian cavalry soon charged and routed them. The Prussian infantry then stormed the Saxon camp, defeating the few Saxon infantry that managed to deploy, and also a few Austrians. The easterly wind, blowing smoke and dust into the Saxons' faces, was also advantageous for the Prussians. The entire left (Saxon) half of the Austro-Saxon army was destroyed in the hours in the dawn's light.

By then the Austrians were alerted to the battle. From the their camps further to the south and more protected by the river, Austrian troops moved to the front. The Prussians who had still not crossed the Striegau to the north wheeled to the west and advanced through river crossings wherever they could find them, finding enough fords to accomplish this. A bridge collapse at the small town of Graben forced the cavalry commander, Von Zieten, to find a ford further south through which to funnel cavalry and pack mules carrying supplies.

The Austrian cavalry were the first Austrian troops to get into action, but they were broken and driven off by the charge of the Prussian cavalry.

The Austrian infantry formed two lines of battle facing east, from Hohenfriedberg north. Though the Prussians now had the advantage of numbers, the Austrians resisted stubbornly, with many volleys exchanged at close range.

At this point the Prussian Bayreuth Dragoons, an oversize unit numbering around 1,500 men, entered the battle. A strong gust of wind blew away the powder smoke and the dust and revealed an opening in the Prussian lines through which to charge the vulnerable Austrian infantry. The dragoons deployed into line, and attacked north against the right flank of the first Austrian line. They drove all the way along that line, routing it completely, then turned south to destroy the second Austrian line.

The Austrians, already outnumbered, abandoned by their Saxon allies, without cavalry protection, and now broken by this attack, began to surrender "en masse". The Bayreuth Dragoons defeated several thousand Austrian infantry and only suffered 94 casualties. The battle ended with the complete defeat of the Austro-Saxon army.

The Austrians and Saxons lost almost 9,000 killed and wounded, about 5,000 prisoners, including four generals, and 66 guns. The Prussians lost around 5,000.

Legacy

Hohenfriedberg was a great victory for Frederick, and soon he was being called "Frederick the Great" by his contemporaries. The charge of the Bayreuth Dragoons was studied by later Prussian and German officers as a model for aggressiveness, and the entire spirit of aggressiveness that Frederick the Great had instilled in his army as well as the large amount of autonomy given to his officers was likened to the tradition of Auftragstaktik. Also, the encirclement and annihilation of the Austrian infantry and the quick and decisive manner in which this battle played out is also often likened to Bewegungskrieg, or more commonly known as Blitzkrieg.

Charles of Lorraine was defeated again, as he had been at the Battle of Chotusitz. This battle showed that the Prussians could crush a numerically equal enemy. The Second Silesian War, which was the last part of the War of the Austrian Succession in which Prussia took part, was almost at an end, and despite a close call at the Battle of Soor against the Austrians (who were again led by Charles of Lorraine), the peace at Dresden was signed on 25th December, 1745.

The "Hohenfriedberger March" was composed in honor of this victory by Frederick himself.

Notes

References

* Chandler, David: "The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough." Spellmount Limited, (1990). ISBN 0-946771-42-1
*Citino, Robert M.: "The German Way of War: From the Thirty Years War to the Third Reich." University Press of Kansas, (2005). ISBN 0-7006-1410-9

External links

* [http://littlepageofgames.lima-city.de wargame about the battle]