- Língua Geral
"Língua Geral" (Portuguese: literally, 'common' or 'general language') is the name of two distinct "linguae francae" spoken in
Brazil , the "língua geral paulista", now extinct; and the"língua geral amazônica" whose modern descendant isNheengatu .Both were simplified versions of languages spoken by the
Tupi people . Portuguese colonizers arrived in Brazil in the 16th century and, faced with an indigenous population which spoke many languages, sought a means to establish effective communication among the many groups. The two languages were used in the Jesuit missions in Brazil and by early colonists; and came to be used by black slaves and other Indian groups.Língua Geral Amazônica
The "língua geral amazônica" (Amazonian general language), or "língua brasílica" (Brazilian language) was based on "tupinambá", the language of the Tupi along the northern Brazilian coast in
Maranhão andPará . It was carried into the interior and spread across the Amazon region in the 17th and 18th centuries. Its use later declined, partially as a result of the imposition of the Portuguese language by theMarquis of Pombal (1758) and of the expulsion of the Jesuits from Brazil (1759), as well as because of migrations inside Brazil.Now known as "
nheengatu " (also "nhengatu", "nyengatú", "língua geral", "geral", "yeral"), it is still spoken along the Rio Negro in northern Brazil (as well as in neighboringColombia andVenezuela ). There are perhaps around 8,000 speakers according to "The Ethnologue" (2005) (Rohter (2005) gives a much larger number); the language has recently regained some recognition and prominence after having been suppressed for many years. It is closely related to Guarani.Língua Geral Paulista
The "língua geral paulista" (São Paulo general language), or "tupi austral" (Southern Tupi) was based on the language of the Tupi of
São Vicente, São Paulo , and the upperTietê River . In the 17th century it was widely spoken inSão Paulo and spread to neighboring regions. It subsequently lost ground to Portuguese, however, and eventually became extinct.References
*Campbell, Lyle (1997). "American Indian Languages: The historical linguistics of Native America". New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195140508
*Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the world" (15th ed.). Dallas, Tex. (USA): SIL International. ISBN 155671159X
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/international/americas/28amazon.html?8hpib=&pagewanted=all Rohter, Larry. "Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon."] "New York Times ". August 28, 2005.ee also
*Guarani
*Nheengatu
*Tupian languages
*Jesuit Reductions
*Tupi people
*"Língua Geral Paulista" article on Portuguese Wikipedia
*"Nheengatu" article on Portuguese WikipediaExternal links
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yrl Ethnologue report for Nhengatu] Retrieved September, 2005.
* [http://www.unb.br/il/lali/publicacoes/publ_001.html "As línguas gerais sul americanas," article by Aryon D. Rodrigues (Laboratório de Línguas Indígenas, Brazil)]
* [http://www.etnolinguistica.org Etnolinguistica.Org, a discussion list on native South American languages]
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