William H. Hinton

William Howard Hinton (February 2, 1919 – May 15, 2004) was an American Marxist best known for "Fanshen", a chronicle of how land reform was implemented in a single northern Chinese village. Hinton wrote several other books about the great social transformation opened up by the Chinese Civil War.

Hinton was born in Chicago. His father, Sebastian Hinton, was a lawyer; his mother, Carmelita Hinton, was an educator and the founder of The Putney School, an independent progressive school in Vermont.

Hinton attended Harvard University where he was captain of the ski team. In 1939 he raced the famous Inferno race from the summit of Mt Washington, skiing behind Toni Matt, who famously schussed the headwall. Hinton commented in 1996 that "he knew Matt did something special, as a huge roar came up from the crowd."

Hinton first visited China in 1937. At the time, prevailing U.S. views of the Communist Party of China since the 1920s had alternated between uncertainty and hostility. Most U.S. 'experts' on communism were baffled by the appeal of a Marxist-Leninist party to Asian peasants. Some diplomats considered the Communist Party of China "agrarian reformers" who labeled themselves revolutionaries. They were uncertain whether or how closely the Communists were tied to the Soviet Union.

Given the attention lavished on the Kuomintang (KMT) by both U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the media, especially Henry Luce's "Time Magazine", the U.S. public was slow to take notice of the Communists' rise in importance in China. When the U.S. joined China and the other Allied Powers of the Second World War in the War against Japan, there had been little contact between U.S. diplomats and the CPC, even though the KMT-led United Front against Japan made the Communists an implicit ally.

At the time of Hinton's first visit to China in the mid-1930s, a handful of U.S journalists, such as Edgar Snow, Helen Foster Snow, and Owen Lattimore, had sneaked through the KMT blockade into Communist territory. All praised the high morale, social reform, and commitment to fighting Japan that they observed.

Along with academic colleagues, Hinton made similar observations when he served from 1945-1953 during his subsequent visit to China. Hinton was a staff member of the U.S. Office of War Information and was present at the Chongqing peace talks between the Guomindang and the Communist Party of China, where he met Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong. Hinton later accepted a post as an English teacher at the Northern University in Southeast Shanxi province, near Changzhi City, in a liberated district. In 1948 he asked to join the university-staffed land reform work team in the village of Long Bow on the outskirts of Changzhi.

Hinton spent eight months working in the fields in the day and attending land reform meetings both day and night, and during this time he took careful notes on the land reform process. He assisted in the development of mechanized agriculture and education, and mainly stayed in the CPC-ruled northern Chinese village of Long Bow, forging close bonds with the inhabitants. Hinton aided the locals with complicated CPC initiatives, especially literacy projects, the breaking up of the feudal estates, insuring the equality of women, and the replacement of the imperial-era magistrates that governed the village with councils in a symbiotic relationship with the landed gentry class. Hinton took more than one thousand pages of notes during his time in China.

On his return to the United States after the conclusion of the Korean War in 1953, Hinton wanted to chronicle his observations of the revolutionary process in Long Bow. But on his return, at the height of McCarthyism, customs officials seized his papers, and turned them over to the Senate Committee on Internal Security (chaired by Senator James Eastland). Hinton was subjected to continual harassment by the FBI, his passport was confiscated, and he was barred from all teaching jobs. At first permitted to work as a truck mechanic, he was later blacklisted and denied all employment. He then took up farming on some land inherited from his mother, and farmed for a living for some fifteen years. During this period Hinton continued to speak out about the successes of the Chinese Revolution and waged a long (and eventually successful) legal battle to recover his notes and papers from the Eastland Committee.

After the government returned his notes and papers, Hinton set to writing a documentary account of the land reform in Long Bow village in which he had been both observer and participant. The book, Fanshen, was finished in 1966. After many mainstream U.S. publishers had turned it down, it was published by "Monthly Review Press" and was a stunning success, selling hundreds of thousands of copies, with translations in ten languages. In the book, Hinton examines the revolutionary experience of the Long Bow village, painting a complex picture of conflict, contradiction and cooperation in rural China.

Works

*1966, "Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village", Monthly Review Press, ISBN 0520210409, ISBN 0853450463, ISBN 0394704657, ISBN 1583671757.
*1970, "Iron Oxen - A Documentary of Revolution in Chinese Farming", Monthly Review Press, ISBN 0394713281, ISBN 0853451222.
*1972, "Hundred Day War: The Cultural Revolution at Tsinghua University", Monthly Review Press, ISBN 0853452814, ISBN 0853452385.
*1972, "Turning Point in China: An Essay on the Cultural Revolution", Monthly Review Press, ISBN 0853452156.
*1984, "Shenfan", Vintage, ISBN 0394723783, ISBN 0330283960, ISBN 0394481429.
*1989, "The Great Reversal: The Privatization of China, 1978-1989", Monthly Review Press, ISBN 0853457948, ISBN 085345793X.
*1995, "Ninth Heaven to Ninth Hell: The History of a Noble Chinese Experiment" (with Qin Huailu and Dusanka Miscevic), Barricade Books, ISBN 1569800413. About Chen Yonggui and Dazhai.
*2006, "Through a Glass Darkly: American Views of the Chinese Revolution", Monthly Review Press, ISBN 1583671412. A critique of Edward Friedman, Paul G. Pickowicz, Mark Selden, "Chinese Village, Socialist State", Yale University Press 1991, ISBN 0300054289.

See also

* Joan Hinton – William Hinton's sister who came to China in 1948 and still lives there
* Carma Hinton – William Hinton's daughter, a documentary filmmaker (Morning Sun, The Gate of Heavenly Peace)1972, Turning Point in China: an essay on the Cultural Revolution, Monthly Review Press

External links

* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1223078,00.html Obituary] ("Guardian Unlimited")
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/billhinton.htm Obituary] ("Monthly Review")
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/1003hinton.htm Background Notes to Fanshen]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/22/international/asia/22HINT.html "William Hinton, Author Who Studied Chinese Village Life, Dies at 85"] by Christopher Lehmann-Haupt ("The New York Times")