Jean-François Champollion

Jean-François Champollion
Jean-François Champollion

Jean-François Champollion, by Léon Cogniet
Born 23 December 1790
Figeac, Lot
Died 4 March 1832(1832-03-04) (aged 41)
Paris
Nationality French
Fields Egyptian hieroglyphs
Known for Rosetta Stone

Jean-François Champollion (23 December 1790 – 4 March 1832) was a French classical scholar, philologist and orientalist, decipherer of the Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Champollion published the first translation of the Rosetta Stone hieroglyphs in 1822, showing that the Egyptian writing system was a combination of phonetic and ideographic signs.

Contents

Biography

Champollion was born in Figeac, Lot, the last of seven children (two of whom had already died before he was born). He was raised in humble circumstances; because his parents could not afford to send him to school, and he was taught to read by his brother Jacques. Jacques, although studious and largely self-educated, did not have Jean-François' genius for language; however, he was talented at earning a living, and supported Jean-François for most of his life.[1]

He lived with his brother in Grenoble for several years, and even as a child showed an extraordinary linguistic talent. By the age of 16 he had mastered a dozen languages and had read a paper before the Grenoble Academy concerning the Coptic language. By 20 he could also speak Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Amharic, Sanskrit, Avestan, Pahlavi, Arabic, Syriac, Chaldean, Persian and Ge'ez in addition to his native French.[2] In 1809, he became assistant-professor of History at Grenoble University. His interest in oriental languages, especially Coptic, led to his being entrusted with the task of deciphering the writing on the then recently-discovered Rosetta Stone, and he spent the years 1822–1824 on this task. His 1824 work Précis du système hiéroglyphique gave birth to the entire field of modern Egyptology. He also identified the importance of the Turin King List, and dated the Dendera zodiac to the Roman period. His interest in Egyptology was originally inspired by Napoleon's Egyptian Campaigns 1798–1801. Champollion was subsequently made Professor of Egyptology at the Collège de France.[3]

Egyptian hieroglyphs

Thomas Young was one of the first to attempt decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphs, basing his own work on the investigations of Swedish diplomat Åkerblad, though he failed to fully decipher the script, Young was able to translate some of the stone leading the way for Champollion to begin his own investigations.

In 1822, Champollion finally published the first correct translation of the hieroglyphs and the key to the grammatical system. Young and all others praised this work.

Franco-Tuscan Expedition

Grave of Champollion in Père Lachaise Cemetery (Paris)

In 1827 Ippolito Rosellini, considered the founder of Egyptology in Italy, went to Paris for a year in order to improve his knowledge of the method of decipherment proposed by Champollion. The two philologists decided to organize an expedition to Egypt to confirm the validity of the discovery. Headed by Champollion and assisted by Rosellini his first disciple and great friend, the mission was known as the Franco-Tuscan Expedition, and was made possible by the support of the grand-duke of Tuscany, Leopold II, and the King of France, Charles X.

On the 21st of July 1828, with four members, they boarded the ship Eglé at Toulon and set sail for Egypt. They travelled upstream along the Nile and studied an exhaustive number of monuments and inscriptions. The expedition led to a posthumously-published extensive Monuments de l'Égypte et de la Nubie (1845). Unfortunately, Champollion's expedition was blemished by unchecked looting. Most notably, while studying the Valley of the Kings, he damaged KV17, the tomb of Seti I, by removing a wall pannel of 2.26 x 1.05 m in a corridor while other elements were removed by his companion Rossellini or the German expedition of 1845. The scenes are now in the collections of the Louvre, the museums of Florence and Berlin. During his stay, the Khedive of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, offered the two obelisks standing at the entrance of Luxor Temple to France in 1829, but only one was transported to Paris where it now stands on the Place de la Concorde.

Exhausted by his labours during and after his scientific expedition to Egypt, Champollion died of an apoplectic attack in Paris in 1832 at the age of 41. He is buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery.

Certain portions of Champollion's works were edited by his elder brother, Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac; Jacques Joseph's son, Aimé-Louis (1812–1894), wrote a biography of the two brothers.

In popular culture

Champollion was portrayed by Elliot Cowan in the 2005 BBC docudrama Egypt.

Works

Musées Champollion

  • A museum devoted to Jean-François Champollion was created in his birthplace at Figeac in Lot. It was inaugurated 19 December 1986 in the presence of President François Mitterrand and Jean Leclant, secrétaire perpétuel of the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres. After two years of building work and extension, the museum re-opened in 2007. Besides Champollion's life and discoveries, the museum also recounts the history of writing. The whole façade is covered in pictograms, from the original ideograms of the whole world.
  • The "*Maison Champollion" at Vif in Isère, formerly the property of Jean-François's brother.

Notes

  1. ^ Meyerson, Daniel (2004). The Linguist and the Emperor. Random House. pp. 31. ISBN 0-345-44872-3. 
  2. ^ Singh, Simon (2000). The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography. Anchor. ISBN 0385495323. 
  3. ^ Wikisource-logo.svg "Jean-François Champollion" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia..

Further reading

  • Allen, Don Cameron (1960). "The Predecessors of Champollion". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 104 (5): 527–547. 
  • Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy (2000). The Keys of Egypt: The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0060194391. 
  • Meyerson, Daniel (2005). The Linguist and the Emperor: Napoleon and Champollion's Quest to Decipher the Rosetta Stone. Random House Trade. ISBN 0345448723. 

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно сделать НИР?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Jean-Francois Champollion — Jean François Champollion Pour les articles homonymes, voir Champollion. Jean François Champollion …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Jean-françois champollion — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Champollion. Jean François Champollion …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Jean-François Champollion — Jean François Champollion. Jean François Champollion, conocido como Champollion el joven (Figeac, departamento de Lot; 23 de diciembre de 1790 – París; 4 de marzo de 1832), filólogo y egiptólogo francés, considerado el padre de l …   Wikipedia Español

  • Jean-Francois Champollion — Jean François Champollion Jean François Champollion (* 23. Dezember 1790 in Figeac im Departement Lot; † 4. März 1832 in Paris) war ein französischer Sprachwissenschaftler. Mit der Entzifferung der ersten …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Jean-François Champollion — (* 23. Dezember 1790 in Figeac im Departement Lot; † 4. März 1832 in Paris) war ein französischer Sprachwissenschaftler. Mit der Entzifferung der ersten …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Jean Francois Champollion — Jean François Champollion Jean François Champollion (* 23. Dezember 1790 in Figeac im Departement Lot; † 4. März 1832 in Paris) war ein französischer Sprachwissenschaftler. Mit der Entzifferung der ersten …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Jean-Francois Champollion —     Jean François Champollion     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Jean François Champollion     (Called THE YOUNGER to distinguish him from his elder brother, Champollion Figeac).     A French Orientalist, born at Figeaci, Lot, 23 December, 1790; died… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Jean-François Champollion — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Champollion. Jean François Champollion Égyptologue …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Jean-François Champollion — Jean Françoise Champollion, conocido como Champollion el joven, nació el 23 de diciembre de 1790 en Figeac , y murió el 4 de marzo de 1832 en París. Fue un egiptólogo francés. Descifrador de jeroglíficos, es considerado el padre de la egiptología …   Enciclopedia Universal

  • Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research — Infobox University name = Jean François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research native name = Centre universitaire de formation et de recherche Jean François Champollion image size = caption = latin name = motto = tagline =… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”