DeWitt Clinton

For the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad locomotive of the same name, see DeWitt Clinton (locomotive).

DeWitt Clinton
6th Governor of New York
In office July 1, 1817 – December 31, 1822
Lieutenant	John Tayler
Preceded by	John Tayler
Succeeded by	Joseph C. Yates
In office January 1, 1825 – February 11, 1828
Lieutenant	James Tallmadge, Jr. Nathaniel Pitcher
Preceded by	Joseph C. Yates
Succeeded by	Nathaniel Pitcher
United States Senator from New York
In office February 23, 1802 – November 4, 1803
Preceded by	John Armstrong, Jr.
Succeeded by	John Armstrong, Jr.
Mayor of New York City
In office 1803–1807
Preceded by	Edward Livingston
Succeeded by	Marinus Willett
In office 1808–1810
Preceded by	Marinus Willett
Succeeded by	Jacob Radcliff
In office 1811–1815
Preceded by	Jacob Radcliff
Succeeded by	John Ferguson
Personal details
Born	March 2, 1769(1769-03-02) Little Britain, Province of New York
Died	February 11, 1828(1828-02-11) (aged 58) Albany, New York
Political party	Democratic-Republican Federalist
Spouse(s)	Maria Franklin Catharine Jones
Alma mater	Columbia University
Religion	Presbyterian
Signature

Clinton Memorial by Henry Kirke Brown, 1855, at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York.

DeWitt Clinton (March 2, 1769 – February 11, 1828) was an early American politician and naturalist who served as United States Senator and the sixth Governor of New York. In this last capacity he was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal.^[1] Clinton was the leader of New York's People’s Party, and was a major rival of Martin van Buren, who was attorney general of New York during Clinton's governorship. According to Daniel Walker Howe (2007) Clinton is an authentic but largely forgotten hero of American democracy. Howe explains, "The infrastructure he worked to create would transform American life, enhancing economic opportunity, political participation, and intellectual awareness."^[2]

Early life and political career

DeWitt Clinton was the second son born to James Clinton and his wife Mary DeWitt (1737–1795, aunt of Simeon De Witt), and was educated at what is now Columbia University. He became the secretary to his uncle, George Clinton, who was then governor of New York. Soon after he became a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1798, and of the New York State Senate from the Southern District from 1798 to 1802, and from 1806 to 1811. He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention in 1801. He was a member of the Council of Appointments in 1801–1802 and 1806–1807.

He won the by-election for U.S. Senator from New York after the resignation of John Armstrong, Jr. and served from February 23, 1802, to November 4, 1803. He resigned, unhappy with living conditions in newly built Washington, DC, and was appointed Mayor of New York City. He served as Mayor in 1803–1807, 1808–1810, and 1811–1815. While serving as Mayor, he organized the Historical Society of New York in 1804 and was its president. He also helped re-organizing the American Academy of the Fine Arts in 1808 served as its president between 1813 and 1817. He was Regent of the University of New York from 1808 to 1825.

He was married twice. On February 13, 1796, he married Maria Franklin, daughter of the prominent New York Quaker merchant, Walter Franklin. By her he had ten children, four sons and three daughters surviving at the time of her death in 1818. On May 8, 1819, he married Catharine Jones, daughter of a New York physician, Thomas Jones; she outlived her husband. His son, George William Clinton (1807–1885), served as Mayor of Buffalo, New York, 1842 – 1843.

Later political career and governorship

From 1810 to 1824, he was a member of the Erie Canal Commission. He was among the first members, appointed in 1810, who projected and surveyed the route to be taken. After 1816, he became the driving force during the construction of the canal.

Print showing DeWitt Clinton mingling the waters of Lake Erie and the Atlantic. 1826

In 1811, the death of John Broome left a vacancy in the office of Lieutenant Governor of New York. In a special election, Clinton defeated the Federalist Nicholas Fish and the Tammany Hall candidate Marinus Willett, to become Lieutenant Governor under Governor Daniel D. Tompkins until the end of the term in June 1813.

In 1812, Clinton ran for President of the United States as candidate for both the Federalist Party and a small group of anti-war Democratic-Republicans. In the close Election of 1812, Clinton was defeated by President Madison; Clinton received 89 electoral votes to James Madison's 128. It was the strongest showing of any Federalist candidate for the Presidency since 1800, and the change of the votes of one or two states would have given Clinton the victory.

After the resignation of Governor Tompkins, who had been elected Vice President, he won a special gubernatorial election in which he was the only candidate. 1,479 votes were cast for Peter Buell Porter – against Clinton's 43,310 – because the Tammany organization, which fiercely hated Clinton, had printed ballots with Porter's name and distributed among the Tammany followers in New York City. On July 1, 1817, Clinton took office as Governor of New York. He was re-elected in 1820, defeating the sitting Vice President Tompkins in a narrow race – DeWitt Clinton 47,447 votes, Tompkins 45,900 – and served until December 31, 1822.

During his second term, the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1821 shortened the gubernatorial term to two years, and moved the beginning of the term from July 1 to January 1, actually cutting off the last 6 months of the 3-year-term he had been elected to. Also the gubernatorial election was moved from April to November, but Clinton was not renominated by his party to run for re-election in November 1822. Even so, he still kept his post as President of the Erie Canal Commission. In April 1824, a majority of his political enemies, the Bucktails, voted in the New York State Legislature for his removal from the Canal Commission. This caused such a wave of indignation among the electorate, that he was nominated for Governor by the "People's Party", and was re-elected governor, against the official candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party, fellow canal commissioner Samuel Young. He served another two terms until his sudden death in office.

Clinton was a Freemason, and in 1806, he was elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New York. He retained this title until 1819. The Grand Lodge of New York has established The DeWitt Clinton Award. The Award recognizes distinguished or outstanding community service by non-Masonic organizations or individuals whose actions exemplify a shared concern for the well-being of Mankind and a belief in the worldwide brotherhood of Man. ^[3]

He was originally buried at the Clinton Cemetery in Little Britain, New York, later he was re-interred at the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. Clinton was able to accomplish many things as a leader in civic and state affairs, such as improving the New York public school system, encouraging steam navigation, and modifying the laws governing criminals and debtors. The 1831 DeWitt Clinton locomotive was named in his honor. The community of Whitestone, New York, was for several decades after his death known as Clintonville, but reverted to its traditional name; however, the governor is memorialized to this day by Clintonville street, a major local road.

Erie Canal

Main article: Erie Canal

While governor, Clinton was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal. He was persuaded by Canal proponent Jesse Hawley to support construction of a canal from the eastern shore of Lake Erie to the upper Hudson River. Many thought the project was impracticable, and opponents mocked it as "Clinton's Ditch".^[4] But in 1817, he got the legislature to appropriate $7,000,000 for construction. When the Canal was finished in 1825, Governor Clinton opened it, sailing in the packet boat Seneca Chief along the Canal into Buffalo. After sailing from the mouth of Lake Erie to New York City he emptied two casks of water from Lake Erie into New York Harbor, celebrating the first connection of waters from East to West. The Canal was an immense success, carrying huge amounts of passenger and freight traffic. It provided cheap transportation from the Atlantic to the West, drawing traffic to New York state and New York City, which became the most important state and city in America.

Legacy

List of places named for DeWitt Clinton:

Towns

• Clinton, Arkansas
• DeWitt, Arkansas
• Clinton, Connecticut
• Clinton, Illinois which is located in DeWitt County
• Clinton, Indiana
• Clinton, Iowa
• Clinton, Louisiana
• Clinton, Massachusetts
• Clinton, Mississippi
• Clinton, Missouri
• Clinton, New Jersey
• DeWitt, Iowa which is located in Clinton County
• DeWitt, Michigan which is located in Clinton County
• DeWitt, New York

Counties

• Clinton County, Iowa, the county seat of which is Clinton, Iowa
• Clinton County, Kentucky
• Clinton County, Michigan
• Clinton County, Pennsylvania
• Clinton County, Illinois
• DeWitt County, Illinois, the county seat of which is Clinton, Illinois

(Note that the naming of two counties in Illinois after Clinton is the only instance in the United States of two counties in the same state being named after the same person.)

Non-geographic namesakes

• DeWitt Clinton High School, Bronx, New York
• An engraved portrait of Clinton appeared on the Legal Tender (United States Note) issue of 1880 in the $1000.00 denomination. An illustrated example can be found on the website of Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco's "American Currency Exhibit".
• Dewitt Clinton Elementary School, Chicago, Illinois
• Dewitt Clinton Elementary School, Lockport, New York
• Dewitt Clinton Elementary School, Detroit, Michigan
• Ted DeWitt Clinton, a character from the animated series Daria.
• DeWitt Clinton Park, Manhattan, New York City. The neighborhood around it, Hell's Kitchen, has also become known as Clinton, or the Special Clinton District (a City Government preservation zone) in recent years.

See also

• List of places named for DeWitt Clinton

Notes

1. ^ Edwin G. Burrows "Little Short of Madness," American Heritage, Winter 2010.
2. ^ Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, (2007) p. 241
3. ^ "Masonic Service Awards". Grand Lodge of New York. http://www.nymasons.org/cms/files/CommunityServAwardBrochure_0.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-06. 
4. ^ John Steele Gordon "10 Moments That Made American Business," American Heritage, February/March 2007.

External material

Sources

• Congress Bio
• Political Graveyard
• Bio at Erie Canal
• NY History with Lt. Gov. election in 1811
• NY History with Presidential Election result 1812
• NY History with Gov. election result 1817
• DeWitt genealogy, at Mr. Jumbo

References

• Bobbe, Dorothie. DeWitt Clinton (1933)
• Cornog, Evan. The Birth of Empire: Dewitt Clinton and the American Experience, 1769–1828 (1998) Oxford University Press, (2000) online
• Hanyan, Craig and Mary L. De Witt Clinton and the Rise of the People's Men McGill-Queens University Press, (1996) online
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
• Sloan, De Villo. The Crimsoned Hills of Onondaga. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2008 [1]

United States Senate
Preceded by John Armstrong, Jr.	United States Senator (Class 3) from New York 1802–1803 Served alongside: Gouverneur Morris, Theodorus Bailey	Succeeded by John Armstrong, Jr.
Political offices
Preceded by Edward Livingston	Mayor of New York 1803–1807	Succeeded by Marinus Willett
Preceded by Marinus Willett	Mayor of New York 1808–1810	Succeeded by Jacob Radcliff
Preceded by John Tayler acting	Lieutenant Governor of New York 1811–1813	Succeeded by John Tayler
Preceded by Jacob Radcliff	Mayor of New York 1811–1815	Succeeded by John Ferguson
Preceded by John Tayler	Governor of New York 1817–1822	Succeeded by Joseph C. Yates
Preceded by Joseph C. Yates	Governor of New York 1825–1828	Succeeded by Nathaniel Pitcher
Party political offices
Preceded by Charles Cotesworth Pinckney	Federalist Party presidential candidate 1812 (lost)	Succeeded by Rufus King

Persondata
Name	Clinton, DeWitt
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	March 2, 1769
Place of birth	Little Britain, Province of New York
Date of death	February 11, 1828
Place of death	Albany, New York