- Timeline of Goan history
This is a timeline of
Goa n history. It overlaps with the histories of other regions inSouth Asia , theIndian subcontinent , and colonial powers that influenced the region, includingPortugal .Pre-Portuguese rule in Goa (before 1510)
Important geological events:
C. 3400 million years ago: Most ancient rocks in Goa, first life forms in Goa
C. 2800 million years ago: Dudhsagar, palolem. chandranath granite formation
C. 2600 million years ago: genesis of Goa's iron and Manganese deposits
C. 62-66 million years ago: Deccan trap, deccan volcanism
C. 45 million years ago: formation of western ghats, possibly the rivers (the above section would be expanded later)
Footprints of Humans in Goa:
Paleolithism
C. 80,000-100,000, B.P. Arrival of modern Homo sapiens sapiens in the valleys of Mandovi and Zuari as evidenced from Acheulian handaxes
C. 80,000-8000 B.P. Stone age of Goa, cave dwellings, hunter -food gatherer society, humans migrate from the river banks towards the coast in search of sea salt, the first rudimentary petroglyphs (Usgao), birth of shamanism and cult of earth goddess
Micro>Neolithism>megalithism
C. 8000-4000 B.P. Critical and exciting period of Goan neolithism and chalcolithism, the nomadic people of Kushavati culture,golden age of petroglyphs and rock art in Goa; shamanistic nomadic society, animal trappers, fishers, discovery of edible plants, tubers, mushrooms, worship of ant hill goddess, anature worship, origin of Dhalo; origin of Perni jagor mask dance drama, a smooth transition of neolithic to megalithic society (dolmens, menhirs) towards the end
C. 4-6000 B.P. Drop in sea level, Marine fossil beds at Bambolim, Siridao, Camurlim etc.
C. 4000-3500 B.P.
C. 3600 B.P. entry of horses and pottery in Goa, megalithism, first attempts to make salt from sea water, silt based farming in river valleys, development of trade routes, influence and contact with Indus civilization, Harappan seafarers
C. 3400-3200 B.P. Mention of Goa In Ramayana and Mahabharata epics (Gomanta, Gomantaka), Balaram visits Gokarna
C. 3000-2800 B.P. Primitive agriculture: the Kumeri or burn and shift agriculture and the reclamation of coastal mangroves for preparing khazan lands, probable birth of Gaonkaris (later day communidades) of Goa, common land ownership, Iron Age in Goa, first ploughsAncient Goa: Self rule by Goans_republic/Gaonkaris?
C. 2500 B.P. (500 BC) Ancient Goan republic?. Self rule by Goans
500 BC Jainism and Buddhist influence in south India spreads to Goa ( the following chronology would be expanded later)
up to 200 BC Imperial Mauryan rule
up to A.D. 200 Imperial Satavahanas of Pratishthan, Western Kshatrapas Roman trade contacts, beginning of Arab trade in horses Age of dynastic rule-golden period of maritime history
A.D. 200-400 many minor dynasties and feudatories (Chutus, maharathis, kadambas of Halsi, Kuras of Kolhapur)
A.D. 400-600 Bhojas of chandor (Chandrapur/Sindbur to Arabs)
A.D. 500-800 badami chalukyas, Konkan Mauryas etc. , embassy to Persia. Boost in horse trade, Migration of Kaundinya seafarers from Goa to south east Asia
A.D. 800-1000 Shilahara branches, imperial Rashtrakutas of Malkhed, Spread of Arab trading settlements (Anjumans)
A.D. 1000-1330 Goa Kadambas (detail chronology is being compiled), (Devagiri Yadavas, gangas, Hoysalas etc.)
The Islamic influence:
1326-Attack by sultan Jamaluddin of Honavar
1350-1380-Bahamani rulers
1380-1472-Under Vijayanagara rule (details to be added)
1472-1510-Adilshahi rule (details to be added)
(a separate chronology of new conquest areas before their annexation by Portuguese needs to be compiled as these territories at different times were ruled by adilshahi, Marathas, kings of sundas, Bhonsles of wadi, Dessais etc. from 1510 to 1793)
(definitive and accurate chronology of the period 200 Ad to 1510 Ad is possible based on epigraphical, archaeological, architectural, iconographic, numismatic records and publications-but many scholars need to contribute from Maharashtra, Karnataka, kerala and Gujarath)
Portuguese rule, including Estado da India (1510-1961)
*
10 December 1510 Afonso de Albuquerque accepts the surrender of the forces ofYusuf Adil Shah
*6 May 1542 : 36 year old Basque,Francis Xavier fromNavarre ,Spain arrives in Goa.
*1545 –João III of Portugal ordersJoão de Castro to establish schools forChristian doctrine ("escolas de doutrina") in the villages where students were taught music ("solfeggio "), violin and the organ in addition to the three R's. This music (which was wholly religious) was taught for congregational participation during Church services. In the 19th century these village schools became known as Parish Schools ("escolas paroquiais)". Early exposure to and love for music produced many Goan musicians who were recognized internationally for their ability to play all genres of music; 19th century Salcete became the birthplace of the Mando a particularly Goan form of song dance.
*3 December 1553 –Francis Xavier dies off the coast ofChina
*1556 D. João Nunes Barreto , thePatriarch of Abyssinia (roughly corresponding to the current-dayEthiopia ) introduced the printing press to Goa; situated at the Jesuit College of Saint Paul atOld Goa , it was the first in all ofAsia . The first book published that year was called "Conclusiones Philosophicas ".
*1557 , a year later, the printing press published its second book, "Catecismo da Doutrina Christã ," posthumously, five years after the death of its author,St. Francis Xavier . The Patriarch of Abyssinia, a title extinct since long, was residing in Goa at the time and offering his episcopal services till the appointment of the nextArchbishop of Goa ,D. Gaspar Leão Pereira in1560 . ----
*1615 - Canonization ofSt. Francis Xavier , still a figure of widespread devotion among Goa's Catholic population, who is known to Goans as "Goencho Saib"
*21 April 1651 Birth ofFather Joseph Vaz , who would, three-and-half centuries later, become the first Goan to be beatified (on21 January 1995 ). He was solemnly proclaimed the Patron of theArchdiocese of Goa and Daman on16 January 2000 .
*5 August 1787 - Denunciation of theConspiracy of Pintos , an event in which a section of the local population sought to fight Portuguese rule in Goa. Curiously, Fr. José Vaz from Anjuna was among the priests denounced and detained.----
*
21 December 1821 Goa's first newspaper "Gazetta de Goa " was published by the Government printing press in Goa, the "Imprensa Nacional " which was an official government document containing local and international news.
*29 October 1826 the Government suspended its publication
*27 May -6 June 1835 -Bernardo Peres da Silva , first native prefect (governor) ofPortuguese India , was expelled by the militia of white descendents in Goa and the fleet departed fromBombay (Mumbai ) .While in exile, he sought financial aid fromRogerio de Faria , a Goan opium baron and set out with an expeditionary force. However, because of miscalculation of the monsoons, the fleet was destroyed upon the rocks ofVengurla . Despite this stumbing block,Peres da Silva won re-election for three subsequent terms to thePortuguese Parliament inLisbon . Though he expressed unhappiness because his fellow members of parliament ignored him and were often absent during his pleas for the civil rights of Goa and Goans, he did not cease to campaign for Goa. He is buried in the cemetery ofPrazeres in Portugal.
*13 June 1835 to30 November 1837 a government journal the "Chronica Constitucional " was published
*7 December 1837 brought into existence the "Boletim do Governo do Estado da India " a weekly paper which was later renamed the "Boletim Oficial do Estado da India ". It remained a weekly from September 1879 and April 1880 when it came out three times a week until1 May 1882 . It became a daily paper untilNovember 30 1887 when it once again reverted to its three times a week status until 1897 and finally twice a week. In 1899 the paper did not carry any news or historical items.
*5 November 1842 "Escola Medico-Cirurgica de Goa " was established. This was probably the first medical school of Western medicine inAsia . The school was started as "Hospital Militar " (later known as "Hospital Regimental ,Hospital Central " and "Hospital Escolar ") atPangim orNova Goa . The graduates of Goas medical school made significant contributions in the field of medicine in Goa and beyond it, particularly inAfrica where they worked as general practitioners and specialists in various branches of medicine.
* 1858Bernardo Fransico da Costa (who was a member of thePortuguese Parliament from 1853-1869) founded his own printing press inMargão and published "O Ultramar ", the following year; it was Goa's first privately-published newspaper.----*
13 March 1902 Dada Rane and his 22 "accomplices" sentenced to exile toEast Timor . They embarked on26 March 1902 . Dada and his sonIndroji died in Timor, but others had their term of exile reduced and are believed to have returned to Goa. One of them,Santoba Rane participated in yet another and final revolt in 1912.
*29 October 1914 birth ofSilvestre Micael Feliciano Martins inCorlim ; prolific Goan composer and musician.
* 1953 TheGovernment of India closes its legation inLisbon , following tensions between the two countries over the future of Portuguese colonies in South Asia.
* 1954 India annexed the enclaves ofDadra and Nagar Aveli (or Haveli) (nearDaman )
* 1954-1955 Some exiled Goans aided Indian nationalists in aGandhi -style campaign which failed due to little local support
*8 March 1961 . In a UN debate,V. K. Krishna Menon (India) described the Portuguese overseas territories as a "slave empire" and declared that the "liberation of Goa" was "part of the unfinished task of liberating India."
*1 April . 1961.Jawaharlal Nehru announced in India's lower house of parliament, theLok Sabha that theGovernment of India had decided to relax the ban on trade with Goa and the other small, scattered Portuguese colonies in India with immediate effect, "as part of its policy of liberalization."
*23 October 1961 . India's prime ministerJawaharlal Nehru in aBombay speech referred to increasing reports of "terror and torture" by the Portuguese authorities in Goa and declared that "the time has come for us to consider afresh what method should be adopted to free Goa from Portuguese rule."
*17 December 1961 . The long-standing tension between India and Portugal over the question of what were described variously as the Portuguese "territories", "enclaves" or "colonies" inSouth Asia -- Goa, and the small enclaves ofDaman and Diu -- culminated in the annexation of Goa after a brief (48 hours) military campaign by an estimated 30,000 Indian troops pitted against Portugal's 3,000 troops, 900 Goan police and no air or naval power. SeeOperation Vijay (1961)
*19 December . 1961. TheIndian tricolour flag was hoisted in Goa, in front of thePangim seat of state power.Post - 1961 era in Goa
* March 1962 The "
Estado do India " (Portuguese 'state of India') is formally incorported into theIndian Union .
*13 June . 1962. Repatriation of Portuguese detainees in Goa. - Creation ofUnion Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu .
*11 August 1962 . Portugal announces cancellation of 'residence permits' of Indian nationals. Liquidation of Indian assets. Repatriation of Indians from the Portuguese East African colony ofMozambique .
*22 May 1963 .Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru visits Goa.
*3 December 1963 . The first general elections to be held in theUnion Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu resulted in the heaviest electoral defeat ever suffered by theIndian Nation Congress party, which then ruled much of the rest of India. The distribution of seats in the Legislative Assembly was as follows:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak 14,United Goans 12, Congress 1, Independents 3. Elections to two seats in theLok Sabha (the Indian lower house of parliament) were held at the same time, both being won by theMaharashtrawadi Gomantak .Dayanand Bandodkar (52), a wealthyHindu mine-owner, was elected leader of theMaharashtrawadi Gomantak Party on14 December .
*23 January 1965 . TheGoa Legislative Assembly passed a resolution in favour of the merger of Goa withMaharashtra . The resolution was supported by the rulingMaharashtrawadi Gomantak , but was strongly opposed by theUnited Goan and Congress parties.
*16 January 1967 .Opinion Poll , the first one of its kind, conducted regarding the controversy over the merger of Goa withMaharashtra . Result: For 138,170. Against 172,191
*28 March . 1967 Goa general election.
*5 April . 1967.Dayanand B. Bandodkar , leader of the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak, formed a Government after fresh elections.----
*
23 March . 1972. Goa.Dayanand Balakrishna Bandodkar was sworn in for a third term as Chief Minister.
*13 August . 1973. Death ofDayanand Balakrishna Bandodkar (62), who had been Chief Minister ofGoa, Daman and Diu since the first general elections in 1963, dies while in office. His daughter, Mrs.Shashikala Kakodkar , who had been Minister of State for Health is sworn-in as the new chief minister.
*24 September . 1974. An agreement was signed inNew York by thePortuguese Foreign Minister ,Dr. Mario Soares , and theIndian Minister of External Affairs , Mr.Swaran Singh , according to which theLisbon government expressed its readiness to relinquish all claims to Portugal's former Indian territories ofGoa, Daman, Diu ,Dadra and Nagar Haveli .
*28 December 1974 . Treaty inNew Delhi providing that diplomatic relations would be resumed between India and Portugal immediately.
*1 June . 1977. Elections to the Legislative Assemblies were held in Goa –- theMaharashtrawadi Gomantak Party won. MrsShashikala Kakodkar was sworn in as Chief Minister on7 June .
*10 October . 1978. Condolence meeting to mark the death ofValerian Cardinal Gracias , the first Indian Cardinal.
*23 April . 1979. The rulingMaharashtrawadi Gomantak lost its majority in the Goa Assembly and the Chief Minister, MrsShashikala Kakodkar , resigned. No stable ministry was possible and onApril 28 President's Rule was imposed pending new elections.----
*3 January 1980 . The elections in Goa resulted in a victory for the Congress and the defeat of the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, which had held power since 1963. Mr Pratap Singh Rane, the Congress leader, formed the Government on17 January
*26 November 1983 . A Commonwealth heads of government weekend session was held in Goa on26 November -27 under the chairmanship of Mrs Indira Gandhi, the Indian Prime Minister.
*24 December . 1984. Assembly elections. Congress won 18 seats in the 30-member Assembly. The Maharashtrawadi Gomantak (MAG) won eight seats, the Goa Congress won one seat while the remaining three seats were won by independent candidates. The Chief Minister, Mr Pratap Singh Rane, was sworn in for another term on8 January . 1985.
*6 February . 1986. The Pope visited Goa as part of the 10-day visit to India
*28 August . 1986. Mother Teresa visits Goa
*8 March . 1986.Mother Teresa of theMissionaries of Charity visits Goa.
* 1986. Collapse of the Mandovi Bridge
* 19-27 December . 1986. Agitation in Goa over language issue.
*4 February . 1987. Passage of Bill to make Konkani the official language of Goa.
*30 May 1987 Conferment of Statehood on Goa Pratap Singh Rane stayed on as Chief Minister at the head of a Congress administration.
*12 August 1987 Goa becomes 25th state of India; celebrates statehood day onMay 30 .
* ? Nov. 1989. Assembly election results: Congress 18, MGP 18, independents 2. Chief Minister, Pratap Singh Rane, remained in his post in a caretaker capacity overseeing negotiations designed to break the deadlock.----
*
14 December . 1990.President's Rule was imposed in Goa. TheChief Minister ,Dr. Luis Proto Barbosa , had served in the post since he replaced interim Chief MinisterChurchill Alamao onApril 14 . Alemao had taken office for a brief period of a little over two weeks, in a stop-gap measures, to ensure that the new government continued to control the Speaker's office. He stepped down, as agreed earlier.
*25 January 1991 .President's Rule was lifted whenRavi S. Naik , was sworn in as Chief Minister.
*17 May 1993 .Ravi S. Naik resigned asChief Minister of Goa after the Goa bench of theBombay High Court upheld his disqualification from the State Assembly under anti-defection legislation. The following day, Naik's deputy,Dr Wilfred DeSouza , was sworn in as the new Chief Minister.
*2 April . 1994. A political crisis precipitated by the apparently arbitrary dismissal of the Congress Chief Minister,Dr. Wilfred DeSouza , seemed to have been resolved following his reinstatement onApril 8 and the dismissal of the state Governor,Bhanu Prakash Singh , a former maharaja of a princely state in North India, reportedly on the insistence of the Congress Union government.
*16 December . 1994.Pratapsing Rane of the Congress was appointed Chief Minister of a coalition government in Goa.
*19 January 1995 . TheCongress (I) attained an absolute majority following its alliance with theMaharashtrawadi Gomantak Party (MGP).
*23 January 1995 . One person was killed during violent protests by farmers and environmental activists opposed to the construction of aThapar -DuPont Nylon 6,6 nylon cord yarn factory which they feared would pollute the state's extensive river system. There were also industrial interests involved here, with powerful Indian players also said to be interested in the issue.
*6 June 1999 . Elections. TheCongress (I) party won an outright majority with 21 out of 40 seats in the Assembly (the legislature) of theState of Goa in an election onJune 6 . Chief MinisterLuizinho Faleiro was sworn in onJune 9 —ending four months ofPresident's Rule for the state.----
*16 January 2000 . TheArchdiocese of Goa and Daman received its first Patron,Blessed Joseph Vaz , who, five years before, had become the first Goan to be beatified at a Solemn Mass celebrated by Pope John Paul II in Colombo, Sri Lanka (on21 January 1995 ). Blessed Joseph Vaz is also known as the Apostle of Canara and Sri Lanka It was in Sri Lanka that he exercised his outstanding missionary work, having died there in 1711.
*1 October 2002 . A collision between twoIL-38 naval reconnaissance aircraft over the western state of Goa, near the airport atDabolim , killed 12 naval personnel and five people on the ground in India’s worst ever military air accident. Goa is home to theIndian Navy 's aviation wing, and has also been witness to a number of crashes by the British=madeSea Harrier aircraft.
*29 November . 2004. 35thInternational Film Festival of India (IFFI) held in Goa, fromNovember 29 toDecember 9 . This is the first time that Goa is hosting the event, which used to be traditionally hosted inNew Delhi .
*28 February . 2005. Fall of theGoa government of theBharatiya Janata Party , which has been in power since 2000 end (and ruled through proxy for a year prior to that).. A complex parliamentary power struggle in the western state of Goa culminated on28 February with the resignation both ofBJP -elected Speaker of the state assemblyVishwas Satarkar and his deputy, preventing the holding of a vote of confidence in the administration headed byPratapsinh Rane of the Congress party. The crisis began in late January after theUnited Goans Democratic Party—Secular-Micky (UGDP) merged with the rulingBJP , enlarging the latter’s majority in the assembly. However, after chief ministerManohar Parrikar then dismissed one of his ministers, while fourBJP legislators resigned from the party and the assembly, extending their support to Congress. But a determined chief ministerParrikar refused to give up office, claiming he still enjoyed the majority. After further defections and arcane procedural manoeuvres, (the Congress-appointed) State GovernorS.C. Jamir on2 February dismissedParrikar 's government and installedRane as chief minister, even though the former had claimed to have technically won a confidence vote. On appointingRane ,Jamir asked him to prove his majority through a confidence vote within a month, leading to allegations of bias by the oustedBJP .
*4 March . 2005.President APJ Abdul Kalam inNew Delhi approved the imposition ofPresident’s Rule in Goa after the Congress chief ministerPratapsinh Rane won a controversial confidence vote earlier in the day solely by enlisting the support of the assembly Speaker whilst also preventing aBJP member from voting.
*7 June 2005 . VeteranCongress (I) politicianPratapsinh Rane (also spelt asPratapsing Rane was sworn in as chief minister of the western state of Goa, after Congress and its allies onJune 5 won four out of five by-elections to state assembly seats, giving them a majority in the 39-member assembly with a total of 21 seats. This brought to an endPresident’s Rule imposed in March to resolve a political crisis. The fact that the Congress was also in power inNew Delhi , and that its nominee was in power in the decisiveGovernor 's office, was not inconsequential.
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