Michael Scot

Michael Scot (Latin: Michael Scotus) (1175 – 1232?) was a medieval mathematician and scholar.

Early life and education

He was born in Scotland, and studied first at the cathedral school of Durham and then at Oxford and Paris, devoting himself to philosophy, mathematics, and astrology. It appears that he had also studied theology and become an ordained priest, as Pope Honorius III wrote to Stephen Langton on 16 January 1223/4, urging him to confer an English benefice on Scot, and actually himself nominated him archbishop of Cashel in Ireland.

This appointment Scot refused to take up, but he seems to have held benefices in Italy from time to time. From Paris, Scot went to Bologna, and thence, after a stay at Palermo, to Toledo. There he acquired a knowledge of Arabic. This opened up to him the Arabic versions of Aristotle and the multitudinous commentaries of the Arabs upon them, and also brought him into contact with the original works of Avicenna and Averroes.

Career

Scot began his scholarly career as a translator. Frederick II attracted him with many other savants to his brilliant court, and at the instigation of the emperor he superintended (along with Hermannus Alemannus) a fresh translation of Aristotle and the Arabian commentaries from Arabic into Latin. There exist translations by Scot himself of the Historia animalium, of De anima and of De coelo, along with the commentaries of Averroes upon them.

His manuscripts dealt with astrology, alchemy and the occult sciences generally and account for his popular reputation. These works include:

• Super auctorem spherae, printed at Bologna in 1495 and at Venice in 1631
• De sole et luna, printed at Strassburg (1622), in the Theatrum chimicum, and containing more alchemy than astronomy, the sun and moon appearing as the images of gold and silver
• De chiromantia, an opuscule often published in the 15th century
• De physiognomia et de hominis procreatione, which saw no fewer than eighteen editions between 1477 and 1660.

The Physiognomia (which also exists in an Italian translation) and the Super auctorem spherae expressly state that the author undertook the works at the request of the Emperor Frederick.

"Every astrologer is worthy of praise and honour," Scot wrote, "Since by such a doctrine as astrology he probably knows many secrets of God, and things which few know."

He was offered the role of being the Archbishop of Cashel in Ireland by Pope Honorius III (1223), as that of Canterbury in 1223 and later in 1227, then by Pope Gregorious IX.

Death

The date of Scot's death remains uncertain. The efforts of Sir Walter Scott and others to identify him with the Sir Michael Scot of Balwearie, sent in 1290 on a special embassy to Norway, have not convinced historians, though the two may have had family connections.

Scot in legend

The legendary Michael Scot used to feast his friends with dishes brought by spirits from the royal kitchens of France and Spain and other lands.

He is said to have turned to stone a coven of witches, which have become the stone circle of Long Meg and Her Daughters.

But Michael Scot's reputation as a magician had already become fixed in the age immediately following his own. He appears in Dante's Divine Comedy (Inferno, canto xx.115-117) in the fourth bolgia located in the Eighth Circle of Hell that's reserved for sorcerers, astrologers, and false prophets who claimed they can see the future when they could not.

Boccaccio represents him in the same character, and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola arraigns him severely in his work against astrology, while Gabriel Naud finds it necessary to defend his good name in his Apologie pour les grands personages faussement accusés de magie.

Scot in modern fiction

Scot is portrayed as a black magician given to practical jokes in James Hogg's novel The Three Perils of Man.

Allan Massie's novels The Evening of the World and Arthur the King (as well as a third projected novel) are written in the format of a romance composed by Scot on the theme of empire for the instruction of Frederick II; it implies that Scot and Frederick were lovers.

Scot is the title character in the historic fantasy novel The Lord of Middle Air by Michael Scott Rohan, who claims descent from the magician.

Jane Yolen's Tartan Magic series features Scot as a villain.

In the children's television fantasy Shoebox Zoo, Michael Scot has survived to the present day, where he acts as a Gandalf-like character, serving as the mysterious, if somewhat grouchy, advisor to the protagonist, Marnie. He is played by Peter Mullan.

Michael Scot is raised from the dead in "The Adept", by Katherine Kurtz and Deborah Turner Harris. He is reincarnated in the sequel, "The Adept Book Two: The Lodge of the Lynx".

Michael Scott [sic] was the teacher of the wizard Prospero in John Bellairs' novel The Face in the Frost.

In John Buchan’s The Three Hostages (1924), Scot and his work Physiognomia are mentioned in reference to the arts of spiritual/mind control, a subject of great interest to Dominick Medina, the tale's antagonist.

Scot appears as an Archmage in the White Wolf Mage/Changeling supplement Isle of the Mighty. (1996)

In the book "Falketårnet" (English: "The Falcon Tower") by Erik Fosnes Hansen, he is one of the important characters. In this book he is known as an astrologer who gives another main character, Wolfgang, a horoscope.

In the short story "The Perils of the Double Sign" by Robertson Davies, (which appears in a collection called High Spirits,) the narrator mentions that Michael Scot is one of his favourite authors, and his knowledge of Scot's work on the occult aids him in his encounters with a genie.

Michael Scot plays a small but significant part in the Petroc Trilogy of novels by Pip Vaughan-Hughes and also appears in the latest related novel 'The Fools' Crusade'.

References

• Silke Ackermann (2009), Sternstunden am Kaiserhof: Michael Scotus und sein Buch von den Bildern und Zeichen des Himmels ISBN 978-3-631-59489-6.
• Rev. J. Wood Brown (1897), Life and Legend of Michael Scot.
• Lynn Thorndike (1965), Michael Scot ISBN 1-4254-5505-0, ISBN 978-1-4254-5505-7.

External links

• Christoph Kann (1993). Bautz, Traugott. ed (in German). Michael Scotus. Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). 5. Herzberg. cols. 1459–1461. ISBN 3-88309-043-3. http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/m/michael_sco.shtml. 
• (English)  "Michael Scotus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 

Original detail from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

Persondata
Name	Scot, Michael
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1175
Place of birth
Date of death	1232
Place of death