Relaxed pronunciation

Relaxed pronunciation (also called condensed pronunciation or word slurs) is a phenomenon that happens when the syllables of common words are slurred together. It is almost always present in normal speech, in all natural languages (not in some constructed languages such as Loglan or Lojban, which are designed so that all words are parsable).

Some shortened forms of words and phrases, such as contractions or weak forms can be considered to derive from relaxed pronunciations, but a phrase with a relaxed pronunciation is not the same as a contraction. In English, where contractions are common, they are considered part of the standard language and accordingly used in many contexts (except on very formal speech or in formal/legal writing); however, relaxed pronunciation is markedly informal in register. This is also sometimes reflected in writing: contractions have a standard written form, but relaxed pronunciations may not, outside of dialect spelling.

English

The following sections contain common words said with relaxed pronunciation in American English, along with pronunciations given in IPA, and a common written indication of this pronunciation where applicable:

"Of", "have", and "to"

The words "of", "to", and "have" all tend to elide to nothing more than a schwa IPA| [ə] in many common situations. This sometimes leads to spelling confusion, such as writing "I could of..." instead of "I could have...".
*could have: IPA| [ˈkʊɾə] , "coulda"
*must have: IPA| [ˈmʌstə] , "musta"
*should have: IPA| [ˈʃʊɾə] , "shoulda"
*would have: IPA| [ˈwʊɾə] , "woulda"
*it would / it would have: IPA| [ˈɪɾə] , "itta"
*a lot of: IPA| [əˈlɑɾə] , "a lotta"
*kind of: IPA| [ˈkaɪɾə] , "kinda"
*out of: IPA| [ˈaʊɾə] , "outta"
*sort of: IPA| [ˈsɔɹɾə] , "sorta"
*going to: IPA| [ˈgʌnə] , "gonna"
*got to: IPA| [ˈgɑɾə] , "gotta"
*have to: IPA| [ˈhæftə] , "hafta"
*want to: IPA| [ˈwʌnə] , "wanna"

"You"

"You" tends to elide to IPA| [jə] ; softening of the preceding consonant also may occur: (IPA|/t/ + IPA|/jə/ = IPA| [tʃə] , and IPA|/d/ + IPA|/jə/ = IPA| [dʒə] )

*did you: IPA| [ˈdɪdʒə] , "didja"
*don't you: IPA| [ˈdoʊntʃə] , "doncha"
*got you: IPA| [ˈgɑtʃə] , "gotcha"
*get you / get your: IPA| [ˈgɛtʃə] , "getcha"
*would you: IPA| [ˈwʊdʒə] , "wouldja"

Other

*give me: IPA| [ˈgɪmi] , "gimme"
*is he: IPA| [ˈɪzi] , "izee"
*is it: IPA| [zɪt] , "zit"
*let me: IPA| [ˈlɛmi] , "lemme"
*don't know: IPA| [dəˈnoʊ] , "dunno"
*probably: IPA| [ˈpɹɑli] , "prolly"
*what is that: IPA| [ˌwʌˈsæt] , "wussat"
*what is up: IPA| [wəˈsʌp] , "wassup"
*what is up: IPA| [sʌp] , "sup"
*what do you / what are you: IPA| [ˈwʌtʃə] , "whatcha"
*what do you / what are you: IPA| [ˈwʌɾəjə] , "whaddaya"
*you all: IPA| [jɑl] , "y'all"

Dutch

*"kweenie" = "Ik weet het niet" ("I don't know")
*"der" = "de hare" ("hers")
*"ie" = "hij" ("he"), often used in phrases such as "dattie" for "dat hij" ("that he")
*"amme" = "aan mijn" ("on / to my"), for example in "ammezolen" for "aan mijn zolen" ("not on your life")Often, especially in Flemish Dutch, the -t at the end of the word is omitted.
*"nie" = "niet"
*"da" = "dat" For example, "kweet da nie" = "Ik weet dat niet" ("I don't know that")

Russian

The most notable example in Russian language is the greeting здравствуйте (IPA| [ˈzdrastvujtʲɪ] ), which is colloquially pronounced as IPA| [ˈzdrastʲɪ] .

French

Among other relaxed pronunciations, "tu as" (you have) is frequently elided to "t'as" in colloquial French.The same with "je suis" (I am) to "chuis".Or "je (ne) sais pas" (I don't know) to "chais pas".Moreover, most of the negative forms "ne" or "n"' are lost in non-formal discussion.The expression, "Qu'est-ce que..." isn't used too much in colloquial speech for forming the interrogative, but when it is, it's shortened to:

"Qu'est-ce que tu veux ?" becomes..."Quess tu veux ?"

"Qu'est-ce que tu as dit?" becomes..."Quess t'as dit?"

panish

The most notable example is Chilean Spanish.

Forms of the verb "estar" ("to be") are often shortened by dropping the first syllable (as if the verb were "*tar").
*"Acá está." → "Acá ta." ("Here it is", joking tone or baby-talk)

The preposition "para" ("for", "in order to") can be shortened to "pa'" (this sounds uneducated in most dialects):
*"Pa' servirle." (lit. "To serve you", i. e. "At your service".)
*"No es pa' cualquiera." ("It is not for anyone.")

The "d" in the final "-ado" of past participles is usually pronounced softly, and, in relaxed pronunciation, can disappear: "Estoy cansado" ("I am tired") is heard as "Toy cansao". Doing so with the final "-ido", as in *"Toy perdío" ("I am lost"), is perceived as more uneducated. This can lead to hypercorrections like *"bacalado" instead of "bacalao" ("cod").

The preposition "de" ("of") also tends to get shortened to "e" when the previous word ends in a vowel.

In many dialects, the very common phrase "voy a" + infinitive ("I'm going to..."), which shows the immediate future tense, is shortened: some people pronounce "vua" /bwa/, others "via" /bja/. This is quite common but also considered uneducated.

Some dialects like Andalusian Spanish lose the syllable-final "s".Since it is important as a mark of plurals, it is substituted with vowel opening.

The contractions:

:para + el = pal:para + la = pala:para + los = palos:para + las = palas

Or the common "pa'que" from "para que".

Portuguese

Examples:

: "tá" = "está" ( [it/she/he] is): "'vambora" = "vamos embora" (let's go): "'bora" = "vamos embora" (let's go): "pra", "pa" = "para" (to): "cê" = "você" (you): "home" = "homem" (man): "vô" = "vou" (I will): "portuga, tuga" = "português" (both for the Portuguese people and language): "para" + "o" = "pro" -further contraction-> "po": "para" + "a" = "pra" -> "pa": "para" + "os" = "pros" -> "pos": "para" + "as" = "pras" -> "pas"

In some dialects, "que" (that) is reduced to the "q" sound:: "que" + "a" = "q'a": "que" + "o" = "q'o": "que" + "ela" = "q'ela" (that she): "que" + "ele" = "q'ele" (that he): "que" + "é" = "q'é" (that is): "que" + "foi" = "q'foi" (that was), etc...

Japanese

Japanese can undergo some vowel deletion or consonant mutation in relaxed speech. While these are common occurrences in the formation of some regular words, typically after the syllables "ku" or "tsu", as in 学校 "gakkō" (学 "gaku" + 校 "kō") "school" or 出発 "shuppatsu" (出 "shutsu" + 発 "hatsu") "departure", in rapid speech, these changes can appear in words that did not have them before, such as "suizokkan" for "suizokukan" 水族館 "aquarium."Additionally, the syllables "ra", "ri", "ru", "re" and "ro" sometimes become simply "n" or when they occur before another syllable beginning with "n" or "d", and disappear entirely before syllabic "n". This can happen within a word or between words, such as 分かんない "wakannai" "I dunno" for 分からない "wakaranai" "I don't know" or もう来てんだよ "mō kite n da yo" "they're already here" for もう来ているんだよ "mō kite iru n da yo".

Relaxed pronunciation also makes use of several contractions.

ee also

* Elision
* Register (linguistics)
* Syncope (phonetics)
* Vowel reduction

External links

* [http://www.davidtulga.com/contractions.htm Complete list of words said with Relaxed Pronunciation - also includes contractions]