Swamp Laurel Oak

Taxobox
color = lightgreen
name = Swamp Laurel Oak
status =

secure
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Fagales
familia = Fagaceae
genus = "Quercus"
sectio = "Lobatae"
species = "Q. laurifolia"
binomial = "Quercus laurifolia"
binomial_authority = Michx.
range_

---

range_map_width = 240px
range_map_caption = Range

"Quercus laurifolia" (Swamp laurel oak, Diamond-leaf oak, Water oak, Obtusa oak) is a medium sized deciduous or semi-evergreen oak in the red oak section "Quercus" sect. "Lobatae". It is native to the southeast of the United States, from coastal Virginia to central Florida and as far west as southeast Texas.

It is a tree growing to 65-80 feet (20-25 m) (rarely to 130 feet (40 m)) tall, with a large, circular crown. The leaves are broad lanceolate, 1-5 in (3-12 cm) long and 0.5-1.75 in (1.5-4.5 cm) broad, and unlobed (very rarely three-lobed) with an entire margin and a bristle tip; they typically fall just as the new leaves start to emerge in spring. The acorns, borne in a shallow cup, are hemispherical, 0.35-0.5 in (9-12 mm) long, green, maturing blackish-brown about 18 months after pollination. Despite their bitter kernel, they are eaten by deer, squirrels and birds. Acorn production is often heavy, enhancing the species' value for wildlife.

The seedlings show embryo dormancy and germinate the following spring after fall ripening; germination is hypogeal.

Swamp laurel oak grows rapidly and usually matures in about 50 years which has led to its wide use as an ornamental. It is host to the general oak-feeding insects but has no serious insect problems. Several species of Curculio weevils infest the acorns.

Some authors (Burke 1961, 1963) have suggested that Swamp Laurel Oak is of hybrid origin having been derived from Willow oak and Water oak and is not found outside the ranges of the two supposed parental species. This was based on an index from leaf-shape on seedlings grown from acorns. This theory has not achieved wide support, with most authors accepting it as a species (e.g. Flora of North America).

Known hybrids with "Quercus laurifolia" as one parent are with "Q. falcata" ("Q × beaumontiana" Sarg.), "Q. incana" ("Q. × atlantica" Ashe), and "Q. marilandica" ("Q. × diversiloba" Tharp ex A. Camus).

oils and climate

Swamp laurel oak is found mostly on alluvial flood plains, from sea level up to 150 m altitude. It will tolerate the wetter sites in association with other oak species but will not live with continuous or prolonged flooding. It is most often found growing in sandy soil near rivers and along the edges of swamps if not too frequently flooded. Swamp laurel oak grows in the hammocks of central Florida and on sand hills adjacent to swamps in west Florida. Swamp laurel oak grows best on ultisols and inceptisols.

The range has average annual temperatures from 16° to 21°C (61° to 70°F). It can withstand extreme lows ranging from -1° to -18°C (30° to 0°F). Extreme highs range from 38° to 43°C (100° to 109°F).

It needs between 1250-1500 mm (49-59 inches) of rainfall a year. From 500-1000 mm (20-39 inches) of this is received during the growing season from April to September.

Uses

It is grown and marketed mainly as pulpwood. It is commonly used as an ornamental tree in landscaping because of its fast growth and pleasing appearance; it is planted with little regard to soil type. The acorns provide food for racoons, White-tailed Deer, Wild Turkeys, squirrels, ducks, Bobwhite Quail, and small birds and rodents.

References and external links

* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501055 Flora of North America: "Quercus laurifolia" Swamp Laurel Oak]
* [http://www.sfws.auburn.edu/samuelson/dendrology/fagaceae_pg/swmp_laural_oak.html Trees of Alabama and the Southeast: Swamp Laurel Oak]
* [http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/4h/Laurel_oak/laureoak.htm Florida Forest Trees]
* [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wo018 Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida: "Laurel Oak or Swamp Laurel Oak?"]
*Burke, C. J. (1961). An evaluation of three hybrid-containing oak populations on the North Carolina Outer Banks. "Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society" 78(l):18-21.
*Burke, C. J. (1963). The hybrid nature of Quercus laurifolia. "Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society" 79(2):159-163.
*Knight, H. A. (1982). Personal communication. Forest Resources in the Southeast. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC.