Hypusine

Chembox new
Name = Hypusine
ImageFile = Hypusine.gif
ImageName = Chemical structure of hypusine
IUPACName = L-Lysine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-, (R)-
OtherNames =
Section1 = Chembox Identifiers
CASNo = 34994-11-1
SMILES = C(CCNCC(CCN)O)CC(C(=O)O)N
Section2 = Chembox Properties
Formula = C₁₀H₂₃N₃O₃
MolarMass = 233.308 g/mol
Density =
MeltingPt =
BoilingPt =

Hypusine is an unusual amino acid found in all eukaryotes and in some archaea, but not in bacteria. The only known protein containing hypusine is eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) and a similar protein found in archaebacteria. In human, two isoforms of eIF-5A have been described: eIF-5A-1 and eIF-5A-2. They are coded by two different genes. This protein is involved in protein biosynthesis and promotes the formation of the first peptide bond. The region surrounding the hypusine residue is highly conserved among the eukaryotes and is essential to the function of eIF-5A. Thus, hypusine and eIF-5A appear to be vital for the viability and proliferation of eukaryotic cells.

Hypusine is formed in eIF-5A by post-translational modification of one of the lysyl residues. There are two reactions and two enzymes involved:
*1. Deoxyhypusine synthase catalyzes the cleavage of the polyamine spermidine and transfer of its 4-aminobutyl moiety to the ε-amino group of one specific lysine residue of the eIF-5A precursor to form deoxyhypusine and 1,3-diaminopropane.
*2. Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase mediates the formation of hypusine by addition of a hydroxyl group to the deoxyhypusine residue.

An excess of hypusine was found in the urine of children and patients with familial hyperlysinemia.

Hypusine was first isolated from bovine brain by Japanese scientists Shiba "et all." in 1971. [Shiba T, Mizote H, Kaneko T, Nakajima T, Kakimoto Y., Hypusine, a new amino acid occurring in bovine brain. Isolation and structural determination. "Biochim Biophys Acta." 1971 Sep 21;244(3):523-31.] The name "hypusine" indicates that the molecule comprises moieties of hydroxyputrescine and lysine.

Note