Swahili literature

Swahili literature is, generally speaking, literature written in the Swahili language particularly by Swahili people of the East African coast and the neighboring islands. It may also refer to literature written by people who write in Swahili language. It is an offshoot of the Bantu culture.

The first literary works date back to the beginning of the 18th century, when all Swahili literature was written in the Arabic script. Jan Knappert considered the translation of Arabic poem Hamziya from the year 1652 to be the earliest Swahili written text. However, starting the 19th century, missionaries and orientalists introduced the Roman alphabet for recording Swahili language.

Characteristics

Swahili literature has been an object of research by many western scholars since the 19th century. There is a debate whether there was objectivity on those researches as a few scholars tried to establish a canon of Swahili writing [Knappert, Jan (1980) - "The canon of Swahili literature" (B.C. Bloomfield (ed.), Middle East Studies and Libraries. London, 1980, 85-102.) ] .

One of the main characteristics of the Swahili literature is the relative heterogeneity of the Swahili language. One can find works written in Kiamu, Kimvita, Kipemba, Kiunguja, Kimrima, Kimtang'ata, Ki-Dar-es-salaam and Ki-Nairobi which are considered varieties of Swahili. [cite web | title=The Heterogeneity of Swahili Literature | publisher = Nordic Journal of African Studies 9(2): 11-21 (2000) | url=http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol9num2/khamis.pdf#search=%22%22swahili%20literature%22%22 | format = PDF | accessdate=2006-09-26 ]

Swahili literature has been sometimes characterized as Islamic by some western scholars such as Jan Knappert. This approach was criticized by some experts such as Alamin Mazrui and Ibrahim Noor Shariff [cite book | last= Mazrui | first=Alamin | coauthors=Ibrahim Noor Shariff | year=1996 | month= | title=The Swahili. Idiom and Identity of an African People | publisher=| location= | id= | pages=pp. 95-97 ] . In fact, has produced many secular works by such poets as Muyaka bin Ghassany and Muhammad Kijuma [cite web | title=Islam, language and ethnicity in Eastern Africa: Some literary considerations | publisher = Harriet Tubman Seminar | url=http://www.yorku.ca/nhp/seminars/seminars/ofahey.rtf | format = RTF | accessdate=2006-09-26 ] .

Because of this orientalist exploration and interest in the Swahili culture and language, it should be noted that most of the thesis made on the Swahili literature has been done outside of the native place. [A. Ricard, (1995) "Introduction à « Comment écrire pour le théâtre en suivant Aristote ? de Ebahim Hussein »", in : "Alternatives théâtrales" n°48, p.64. fr icon] .

Classification

Swahili literature is classified into three genres: Riwaya (the novel), tamthilia (drama) and shairi (poetry).

Fiction

Fiction in Swahili literature mainly consisted of oral narrative traditions. It was not until the 1940s that Swahili started to have a written fiction.

Poetry

Generally, Swahili poetry is derived from Arabic poetry. Swahili poetry or "shairi" (from _ar. "Shîir", "poetry") is still written in the traditional manner. It began in the northern Kenya coastal towns of Lamu and Pate before spreading to Tanga Region, Zanzibar and other nearby areas. [ [http://www.ossrea.net/girr/no7/no7-01.htm ossrea.net - The Waswahili/Swahili Culture] ]

However, there are a few fundamental differences between the Swahili and Arabic poetry. With much of African influence, the two poems can hardly be compared for it is "sui generis". [ [http://www.worldandi.com/public/1986/august/cl6.cfm - "Poetry provides a remarkable outlet for personal expression in Swahili culture"] By Lyndon Harries]

Traditional poetry can be classified into different groups according to its form and content. It can be epic, lyrical or didactic, as well as religious or secular [ [http://www.vessella.it/eng.htm vessella.it - Swahili] ] . Examples of narrative poetry, known as utenzi, include the Utendi wa Tambuka by Bwana Mwengo (dated to about 1728) and the Utenzi wa Shufaka.

The purpose of Swahili prose was until recently practically restricted to Utilitarianism. However, the traditional art of oral expression in poetry has produced a number of valuable works. It is characterized by its homiletic aspects, heroic songs, folklore ballads and humorous dialogues which accurately depict Swahili life, cultural beliefs and traditions. Because of the immediate historical aspect of the Swahili literature, especially in the 19th century, it is still a hard job to interpret many of the poems due to the lack and the absence of the context in which the poem was written.

Notable literary people

* Farouk Topan - Zanzibar
* Ebrahim Hussein (1943- ) Tanzania
* Muhammed Said Abdulla (April 25, 1918 ) Tanzania
* Pera Ridhiwani (1917-1997 ) Tanzania
* May M Balisidya (?- 1987), Tanzania
* Mzee Hamis Akida (22nd November 1914-13th Feb 2007 ), Tanzania
* Said Khamis (12th December 1947-), Zanzibar
* Abdilatif Abdalla (14. April 1946-), Kenya
* Adam Shafi Adam(1940-), Zanzibar
* Mohamed Suleiman Mohamed(1945-), Zanzibar
* Professor Ali Alamin Mazrui (1933-) Kenya
* Katama Mkangi(1945-200?) Kenya
* Said Ahmed Mohamed

ee also

* African literature
* Utendi wa Tambuka "The Story of Tambuka"
* Utenzi "a form of narrative poetry"

External links

* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070571/Swahili-literature Britannica entry on Swahili literature]
* [http://www.swahilimanuscripts.soas.ac.uk/ "Swahili Manuscripts Database Project"]
* [http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/aflang//swahili/SwahiliPoetry/index.htm UCLA Swahili Poetry Project]
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* [http://www.cbm-tz.org/swahili/index.html African Language Library - free online Swahili literature]
* [http://playforlearning.co.uk/jifunzekiswahili.html Learn Swahili software]

Bibliography

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* Knappert, Jan (1982) 'Swahili oral traditions', in V. Görög-Karady (ed.) "Genres, forms, meanings: essays in African oral literature", 22-30.
* Knappert, Jan (1983) "Epic poetry in Swahili and other African languages". Leiden: Brill.
* Knappert, Jan (1990) "A grammar of literary Swahili". (Working papers on Kiswahili, 10). Gent: Seminarie voor Swahili en de Taalproblematiek van de Ontwikkelingsgebieden.
* Nagy, Géza Füssi, "The rise of Swahili literature and the œuvre of Shaaban bin Robert" (Academic journal)
* Topan, Farouk, "Why Does a Swahili Writer Write? Euphoria, Pain, and Popular Aspirations in Swahili Literature" (Academic journal)
* Lodhi, Abdulaziz Y. and Lars Ahrenberg (1985) "Swahililitteratur - en kort šversikt". (Swahili literature: a short overview.) In: Nytt från Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, no 16, pp 18-21. Uppsala. (Reprinted in Habari, vol 18(3), 198-.)
* The Political Culture of Language: Swahili, Society and the State (Studies on Global Africa)by Ali A. Mazrui, Alamin M. Mazrui

References and notes