Guillaume Duchenne

Infobox Scientist
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image_size =180px
caption = Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne and assistant electrically stimulate the face of a live subject in displaying an expression
birth_date = September 17, 1806
birth_place = Boulogne
death_date = September 15, 1875
death_place = Paris
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nationality = French
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field = neurology
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known_for = electro-therapeutics
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Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne (born September 17, 1806 in Boulogne; died September 15, 1875) was a French neurologist.

Duchenne was educated at Douai and studied medicine in Paris before returning to his hometown to put his profession to practice in 1831. By 1833 he had begun trying electricity as a form of treatment on fishermen, a force that he continued to experiment with throughout the course of his life, in effect making him the father of electro-therapeutics. In 1842 he returned to Paris and there spent the remained of his life working on developing his clinical techniques. Through electricity he also determined that smiles resulting from true happiness not only utilize the muscles of the mouth but also those of the eyes. Such "genuine" smiles are called Duchenne smiles in his honor. He is also credited with the discovery of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Some of his other works include:
* Functional electrical stimulation as a localization test in Neurological examination.
* tabetic locomotor ataxia
* acute poliomyelitis
* identified pseudohypertrophic muscle dystrophy
* identified progressive bulbar paralysis
* studies into lead poisoning

Duchenne died on September 15, 1875, in Paris.

Works

*"Essai sur la brûlure" (1833)
*"De l'Électrisation localisée et de son application à la physiologie, à la pathologie et à la thérapeutique" (1855)
* [http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit38953 "Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine, ou Analyse électro-physiologique de l'expression des passions applicable à la pratique des arts plastiques"] (1862)
*"Physiologie des mouvements démontrée à l'aide de l'expérimentation électrique et de l'observation clinique, et applicable à l'étude des paralysies et des déformations" (1867)

References

Delaporte, François. "Anatomy of the Passions". Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008.
*cite journal
quotes = yes
last=Parent
first=André
authorlink=
year=2005
month=Aug
title=Duchenne De Boulogne: a pioneer in neurology and medical photography
journal=The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques
volume=32
issue=3
pages=369–77
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pmid = 16225184
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*cite journal
quotes = yes
last=Parent
first=André
authorlink=
year=2005
month=Nov
title=Duchenne de Boulogne (1806-1875)
journal=Parkinsonism Relat. Disord.
volume=11
issue=7
pages=411–2
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 16345141
bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
doi=10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.04.004
*cite journal
quotes = yes
last=Siegel
first=I M
authorlink=
year=2000
month=
title=Charcot and Duchenne: of mentors, pupils, and colleagues
journal=Perspect. Biol. Med.
volume=43
issue=4
pages=541–7
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 11058990
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*cite journal
quotes = yes
last=Bach
first=J R
authorlink=
year=2000
month=Apr
title=The Duchenne de Boulogne-Meryon controversy and pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
journal=Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences
volume=55
issue=2
pages=158–78
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 10820967
bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
doi=10.1093/jhmas/55.2.158
*cite journal
quotes = yes
last=Pearce
first=J M
authorlink=
year=1999
month=Sep
title=Some contributions of Duchenne de Boulogne (1806-75)
journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr.
volume=67
issue=3
pages=322
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 10449553
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*cite journal
quotes = yes
last=Jay
first=V
authorlink=
year=1998
month=
title=On a historical note: Duchenne of Boulogne
journal=Pediatr. Dev. Pathol.
volume=1
issue=3
pages=254–5
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pmid = 10463286
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doi=10.1007/PL00010897
*cite journal
quotes = yes
last=George
first=M S
authorlink=
year=1994
month=Jan
title=Reanimating the face: early writings by Duchenne and Darwin on the neurology of facial emotion expression
journal=Journal of the history of the neurosciences
volume=3
issue=1
pages=21–33
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 11618803
bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
*cite journal
quotes = yes
last=Ostini
first=S
authorlink=
year=1993
month=Mar
title= [Faradization according to Duchenne de Boulogne (1855)]
journal=Revue médicale de la Suisse romande
volume=113
issue=3
pages=245–6
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 8480122
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*cite journal
quotes = yes
last=Borg
first=K
authorlink=
year=1992
month=Apr
title=The man behind the syndrome: Guillaume Duchenne
journal=Journal of the history of the neurosciences
volume=1
issue=2
pages=145–54
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 11618423
bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
*cite journal
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last=Borg
first=K
authorlink=
year=1991
month=Mar
title= [The man behind the syndrome: Guillaume Duchenne. The frozen out "country bumpkin" who showed the way for research on neuromuscular diseases]
journal=Lakartidningen
volume=88
issue=12
pages=1091–3
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 2016943
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*cite journal
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last=Reincke
first=H
authorlink=
coauthors=Nelson K R
year=1990
month=Jan
title=Duchenne de Boulogne: electrodiagnosis of poliomyelitis
journal=Muscle Nerve
volume=13
issue=1
pages=56–62
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 2183045
doi = 10.1002/mus.880130111
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*cite journal
quotes = yes
last=Nelson
first=K R
authorlink=
coauthors=Genain C
year=1989
month=Oct
title=Vignette. Duchenne de Boulogne and the muscle biopsy
journal=J. Child Neurol.
volume=4
issue=4
pages=315
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 2677116
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doi=10.1177/088307388900400413
*cite journal
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last=Tayeau
first=F
authorlink=
year=1985
month=Dec
title= [My compatriot: Guillaume Duchenne]
journal=Bull. Acad. Natl. Med.
volume=169
issue=9
pages=1401–12
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pmid = 3915439
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*cite journal
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last=Cuthbertson
first=R A
authorlink=
year=1985
month=
title=Duchenne de Boulogne and human facial expression
journal=Clinical and experimental neurology
volume=21
issue=
pages=55–67
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 3916360
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last=Roth
first=N
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year=
month=
title=Duchenne and the accuracy esthetic
journal=Medical instrumentation
volume=13
issue=5
pages=308
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 388166
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last=Hueston
first=J T
authorlink=
coauthors=Cuthbertson R A
year=1978
month=Jul
title=Duchenne de Boulogne and facial expression
journal=Annals of plastic surgery
volume=1
issue=4
pages=411–20
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 365063
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*cite journal
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last=Stillings
first=D
authorlink=
year=
month=
title=Darwin and Duchenne
journal=Medical instrumentation
volume=9
issue=1
pages=37
publisher = | location = | issn =
pmid = 1092967
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ee also

Duchenne effectively used the newly invented medium of photography to capture electrically induced expressions of his subjects, but wasn't able to record the actual movement of the facial muscles, a fact he complained about in his writings.

External links

* [http://www.artifacial.org Artifacial Expression] Contemporary artist working on Electro-Facial Choreography.