Pelamis platurus

Taxobox
name = Pelagic Sea Snake


image_width = 240px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Reptilia
ordo = Squamata
subordo = Serpentes
familia = Hydrophiidae
genus = "Pelamis"
species = "P. platurus"
binomial = "Pelamis platurus"
binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1766)

Yellowbelly Sea Snake or Pelagic Sea Snake ("Pelamis platurus") is a species of sea snake found in tropical oceanic waters around the world.

Description

:"See snake scales for terminology used here"Body compressed, posteriorly more than twice the diameter of the neck; body scales juxtaposed, sub-quadrangular in shape, in 49-67 rows around thickest part of body; ventral scales, 264-406, very small and, if distinct, divided by a longitudinal groove, but usually indistinguishable from adjacent body scales; head narrow, snout elongate, head shields entire, nostrils superior, nasal shields in contact with one another; pre-frontal in contact with second upper labial; 1-2 pre- and 2-3 post-oculars; 2-3 small anterior temporals; 7-8 upper labials, 4-5 below eye but separated from border by sub-ocular; color variable but most often distinctly bi-colored, black above, yellow or brown below, the dorsal and ventral colors sharply demarcated from one another; ventrally there may be a series of black spots or bars on the yellow or brown background, or the yellow may extend dorsally so that there is only a narrow mid-dorsal black stripe, or a series of black crossbars (M A Smith 1943:476-477 gives more complete description of the color pattern variants). Total length males 720 mm, females 880 mm; tail length males 80 mm, females 90 mm.

Habits

These snakes breed in warm waters and they are ovoviviparous with a gestation period of about 6 months. They are helpless on land and they sometimes form large aggregations of thousands in surface waters. The snake has a neurotoxic venom that is used against its fish prey. No human fatalities are known. It occurs on both sides of the Pacific and is the only sea snake to have reached the Hawaiian Islands. [Liptow, J. 1999. "Pelamis platurus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed June 23, 2007 at [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pelamis_platurus.html] ]

Distribution

Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean (Japan), South China Sea northward to the coastal regions of Zhejiang and Taiwan, Persian Gulf (Oman etc.) to Bay of Bengal, India, Pakistan, Maldives, Malaysia, coasts of Malay Peninsula and Indo-Australian Archipelago to New Guinea, Gulf of Thailand and Philippines, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Korea, Russia (S Primorskij Territory; Only one dead specimen was found in Russia: on the coast of the Sea of Japan, near Vladivostok city), Madagascar, Tanzania, Australia (New South Wales, North Territory, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, West Australia), New Zealand, Solomon Islands [McCoy 2000] .

Orange and San Diego Counties in California [http://www.californiaherps.com/snakes/pages/p.platurus.html] , New Caledonia, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Galapagos Islands, Peru.

Evolution

The yellowbelly is the most widely distributed sea snake and the only species of sea snake capable of living and giving birth entirely at sea (it is totally pelagic). It is closely related to the land snakes of Asia and Australia from which it seems to have evolved about 10 million years ago. Yellowbellies (and all other sea snakes) are not found in the Atlantic or Mediterranean even though the water there is warm enough. Yellowbellies require a minimum of 18° C to survive long term. A land bridge at (Panama) between North and South America formed 2-3 million years ago making it impossible for them to get through. If they had evolved, or had spread across the Pacific Ocean before the land bridge formed, we would almost certainly find them now in the Atlantic. Going around the bottom tip of South America or South Africa is not an option for sea snakes because water temperatures are too cool. Also, the westerly wind blows against them if they attempt to get around the southern tip of Africa from the Indian ocean. The Panama canal is not an option because they can not survive fresh water. The Red Sea is not an option because it is too salty. This air breathing sea snake has developed a flat oar-like tail and valved nostrils since leaving the land millions of years ago. [The New York Times, published 24 April 1984, article by Sandra Blakeslea http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E2DD1238F937A15757C0A962948260&sec=health&spon= Accessed May 2008]

Taxonomy

Sea snakes are closely related to the venomous Australian snakes of the family Elapidae, but are currently classified in a separate family, Hydrophiidae. Two subfamilies have been listed in the past, the sea kraits (Laticaudinae), and the true sea snakes (Hydrophiinae), though recent work suggests this subfamilial division may be inappropriate. [ [http://www.toxinology.com/generic_static_files/cslavh_antivenom_seasnake.html CSL Antivenom Handbook - Sea Snake Antivenom ] ]

In 1766, Linnaeus referred to the yellow-bellied sea snake as 'Anguis patura' (Anguis meaning snake). Daudin referred to it as 'Pelamis 'platuros' in 1803 and usually has his name attached to the spelling 'Pelamis platurus' which people are now familiar with. In 1842 Gray transferred it to the genus 'Pelamis' and called it 'Pelamis ornata' (ornata being a synonym of platura). The word 'Pelamis' is a feminine noun and means young or small tunny fish. In 1872 Stoliczka introduced the name 'Pelamis platurus' "(still the most used scientific name by scientists today)" but used the incorrect ending on 'platurus' instead of 'platura' which a feminine noun requires. [Tropical zoology 13:327-329, 2000, The gender of the genera ... "Pelamis" Daudin 1803 (hydrophiidae) B Lanza and S, Boscherini - Accessed online May, 2008] There are a few recent examples where scientists have begun using the grammatically correct name 'Palamis platura' eg. Bohme 2003 and the 'Reptile database' with its page headed 'Pelamis platura' Linnaeus, 1766' which gives a huge variety of different scientific names for the yellowbelly sea snake [http://www.tigr.org/reptiles/species.php?genus=Pelamis&species=platura The reptile Database, accessed May 2008] .

Name

The genus name "Pelamis" is derived from the Ancient Greek word for "tunny fish", which presumably refers to the habitat or what Daudin thought they ate. The species name "platurus' is a combination of the Ancient Greek words "platys" "flat" and "oura" "tail", referring to the flattened tail. [Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained by Ellin Beltz] .

Venomousness

LD stands for "Lethal dose". LD50 is the amount of a material, given all at once, which causes the death of 50% of a group of test animals (e.g. mice). The lower the amount, the more toxic the poison. [http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/ld50.html#_1_1 (May 2008)] Hook-nosed sea snake (beaked sea snake) ("Enhydrina schistosa") Mouse LD50 (mg/kg) : 0.02 Venom yield per snake (mg) : 7.7-9.0 (generally considered to be the most venomous sea snake in the world). Inland Taipan ("Oxyuranus microlepidotus") Mouse LD50 (mg/kg) : 0.03 Venom yield per snake (mg) : 44.0-110.0 (generally considered to be the most venomous land snake). Yellow-bellied sea snake ("Pelamis platurus") Mouse LD50 (mg/kg) : 0.07 Venom yield per snake (mg) : 1.0-4.0Egyptian cobra ("Naja haje") Mouse LD50 (mg/kg) : 0.19 Venom yield per snake (mg) : 175.0-300.0 [http://www.reptileallsorts.com/bites-venom.htm (Accessed May 2008)] .

The above comparison shows that "Pelamis platurus" is clearly less venomous than the Inland Taipan. Another source puts the inland Taipan at 17 times more venomous than even the most venomous sea snake [http://www.venomsupplies.com/Relative-Toxicity.php (Accessed May 2008)] . S. Scott (marine biologist) has stated, "The toxicity of yellow-bellied sea snake venom is about a quarter that of the beaked sea snake, meaning it is still potentially lethal. " [http://www.susanscott.net/OceanWatch1999/jan18-99.html Accessed May 2008 - Susan Scott writes the newspaper column, "Ocean Watch",for the Honolulu Star-Bulletin] . The yellow-bellied sea snake is about 10 times more venomous than the Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) however in general, the sea snakes deliver a much smaller quantity of venom. In Australia Sea-snakes are rarely aggressive and bites are uncommon [ [https://www.flyingdoctor.net/IgnitionSuite/uploads/docs/snakebite.pdf SnakeBiteTemplate3.pmd ] ] .

Anti-venom (antivenin)

Sea snake venom can cause damage to skeletal muscle with consequent myoglobinuria, neuromuscular paralysis or direct renal damage. The venoms of significant species of sea snake are neutralised with Commonwealth Serum Laboratories Ltd (of Melbourne, Australia) Sea Snake ("Enhydrina schistosa") antivenom. If that preparation is not available, Tiger Snake or polyvalent antivenom should be used. No deaths have been recorded from bites in Australian waters. [https://www.flyingdoctor.net/IgnitionSuite/uploads/docs/snakebite.pdf Management of snake bites in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Accessed May 2008] [http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic543.htm Accessed May 2008] The ("Enhydrina schistosa") antivenom was tested specifically on "Pelamus platurus" and it effectively neutralised the venom. [http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/1/135 Published 1973. Accessed May 2008.]

Cited references

Other sources

* Hecht, M. K., Kropach, C. and Hecht, B. M. 1974 Distribution of the yellow-bellied sea snake "Pelamis platurus", and its significance in relation to the fossil record. Herpetologica 30: 387-395.
* Kropach, C. 1975 The yellow-bellied sea snake, "Pelamis", in the eastern Pacific. Pp. 185-213 in: Dunson, W., ed., The Biology of Sea Snakes. Univ. Park Press, Baltimore, xi + 530 pp.

External links

*
* [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pelamis_platurus.html Animal Diversity Web]