Mary Jane Patterson

Mary Jane Patterson was born September 12, 1840, in Raleigh, North Carolina. She was the first African American woman to receive a B.A degree. She was the oldest of Henry Irving Patterson and Emeline Eliza (Taylor) Patterson's children. There is conflicting data on how many siblings she had, but most sources cite between seven and ten. Henry Patterson worked as a bricklayer and plasterer who gained his freedom, after Mary was born, in 1852. After this, he moved his family north to Ohio. The Pattersons settled in Oberlin, Ohio, in 1856. Oberlin had a large community of black families, some were freed slaves and some were fugitive slaves. Oberlin was popular because it had a racially integrated Co-ed college. Henry Patterson worked as a master mason, and for many years the family boarded large numbers of Black students in their home.

Education

Mary Jane Patterson enrolled in Oberlin College in 1857 for a one year preparatory course. After one year she enrolled in what was called a “gentleman’s” or classical course. At the time, women would take the “ladies” course which gave one a literary certificate not a bachelor’s degree. Patterson’s classmate Emma Brown (a black educator) wrote in a letter on May 27, 1860, quoted by Dorothy Sterling in We Are Your Sisters: Black Woman in the Nineteenth Century, saying: There are 200 lady students. Quite a number . . . There are very few colored students - that is comparatively speaking . . . There is one colored girl [presumably Mary Jane Patterson] taking a classical course. I have been told that she is a pretty good scholar. ^[1]

Mary Patterson’s siblings John, Emma, and Chanie Ann all attended Oberlin College as well. Patterson graduated with a B.A. and highest honors from Oberlin. She was the first black woman to graduate from an established college with a four year degree. Eventually, all the Patterson children graduated from Oberlin College and became teachers.

Teaching Career

After graduation Mary Patterson was listed as teaching in Chillocothe, Ohio. September 21, 1864 she applied for a position in Norfolk Virginia at a school for black children. On October 7, 1864 E. H. Fairchild, principal of Oberlin College’s preparatory department from 1853-1869, wrote a recommendation for an “appointment from the American missionary Association as a . . . teacher among freedmen.” In this letter he describer her as “a light quadroon, a graduate of this college, a superior scholar, a good singer, a faithful Christian, and a genteel lady. She had success is teaching and is worthy of the highest . . . you pay to ladies.”^[2]

In 1865 Patterson became an assistant to Fanny Jackson Choppin at the Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia. In 1869 to 1871 Patterson taught in Washington, D. C., at the Preparatory High School for Colored Youth (later named Dunbar High School.) She served as the school's first Black principal, from 1871 to 1872. Patterson was demoted and served as assistant principal under Richard Theodore Greener, the first black Harvard University graduate. She was reappointed from 1873 to 1884. During her administration, the school grew from less than 50 to 172 students, the name "Preparatory High School" was dropped, high school commencements were initiated, and a teacher-training department was added to the school. Patterson's commitment to thoroughness as well as her "forceful" and "vivacious" personality helped her establish the school's strong intellectual standards. ^[3] Patterson continued to teach at the High School until her death. While in D.C., Mary Patterson Lived with her sisters, Emma and Chanie, and her brother, John at 1532 Fifteenth Street Northwest. In the Late 1880’s Patterson’s parents came to live with them due to financial difficulties. Neither Mary nor her sisters ever married.

Other Pursuits

Patterson was also a humanitarian and was active in many organizations. She devoted time and money to Black institutions in Washington, D. C. Mary Patterson’s obituary in the Evening Star said she “co-operated heartily in sustaining the Home for the Aged and Infirm Colored People in this city and other Kindred organizations.” ^[4] Mary Patterson was part of the Colored Woman’s League of Washington D.C., which was committed to the “racial uplift” of colored women. The group focused on kindergarten teaching training, rescue work, and classes for industrial schools and homemaking. ^[5]

Death and Legacy

Mary Jane Patterson died at her Washington, D. C. home, September 24, 1894, at the age of fifty-four. Although she is a not well known figure, Mary Jane Patterson was a pioneer in black education and paved the way for other black female educators.

References

1. ^ Smith, Jessie Carney. “Mary Jane Patterson.” Notable Black Women, Book 1. Gale Research 1992.
2. ^ Smith, Jessie Carney. “Mary Jane Patterson.” Notable Black Women, Book 1. Gale Research 1992.
3. ^ “Mary Jane Patterson, a Natural Educator!” African American Registry. 20 Oct 2009. <http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/1832/mary_jane_patterson_a_natrual_educator>.
4. ^ Alic, Margret. “ Mary Jane Patterson Biography.” 20 Oct 2009. <http://biography.jrank.org/pages/2871/patterson-mary-jane.html>.
5. ^ Hutchinson, Louise Daniel. Anna J. Cooper: A Voice From the South . Washington: Smithsoniain Institution Press, 1981. ISBN 9780874745283

Baumann,Roland M. "Patterson, Mary Jane." African American National Biography. Oxford African American Studies Center. 20 Oct 2009. <http://www.oxford.com/artical/opr/t001/e1694>.

Persondata
Name	Patterson, Mary Jane
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1840
Place of birth
Date of death	1894
Place of death