Papaya

Taxobox
name = Papaya


image_caption = Papaya tree and fruit, from Koehler's "Medicinal-Plants" (1887)
regnum = Plantae
unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
unranked_classis = Eudicots
unranked_ordo = Rosids
ordo = Brassicales
familia = Caricaceae
genus = "Carica"
species = "C. papaya"
binomial = "Carica papaya"
binomial_authority = L.

The papaya (from Carib via Spanish), is the fruit of the plant "Carica papaya", in the genus "Carica". It is native to the tropics of the Americas, and was cultivated in Mexico several centuries before the emergence of the Mesoamerican classic cultures. It is sometimes called "tree melon" or "pawpaw," but the North American pawpaw is a different species, in the genus "Asimina".

It is a large tree-like plant, the single stem growing from 5 to 10 meters tall, with spirally arranged leaves confined to the top of the trunk; the lower trunk is conspicuously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large, 50-70 cm diameter, deeply palmately lobed with 7 lobes. The tree is usually unbranched if unlopped. The flowers are similar in shape to the flowers of the "Plumeria" but are much smaller and wax like. They appear on the axils of the leaves, maturing into the large 15-45 cm long, 10-30 cm diameter fruit. The fruit is ripe when it feels soft (like a ripe avocado or a bit softer) and its skin has attained an amber to orange hue. The fruit's taste is vaguely similar to pineapple and peach, although much milder without the tartness.

It is the first fruit tree to have its genome deciphered. [ [http://prensa.ugr.es/prensa/research/verNota/prensa.php?nota=537 University of Granada] ]

Cultivation and uses of papaya

In Hawaii, two varieties of genetically-modified papayas, SunUp and Rainbow, have been grown by several growers since their development in the 1990s. [http://www.hawaiipapaya.com/rainbow.htm] By 2004, non-genetically modified and organic papayas throughout Hawaii had experienced widespread contamination from the genetically-modified varieties. [http://www.grain.org/research/contamination.cfm?id=165] Originally from southern Mexico, Central America and northern South America, the papaya is now cultivated in most countries with a tropical climate, such as Brazil, India, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines.

The ripe fruit is usually eaten raw, without the skin or seeds. The unripe green fruit of papaya can be eaten cooked, usually in curries, salads and stews.

Green papaya fruit and the tree's latex are both rich in an enzyme called papain, a protease which is useful in tenderizing meat and other proteins. Its ability to break down tough meat fibers was utilized for thousands of years by indigenous Americans. It is included as a component in powdered meat tenderizers, and is also marketed in tablet form to remedy digestive problems. Green papaya is used in Thai cuisine, both raw and cooked. [ [http://www.thaitable.com/Thai/recipes/Green_Papaya_Salad.htm Green Papaya Salad Recipe - ThaiTable.com ] ]

Papain is also popular (in countries where it grows) as a topical application in the treatment of cuts, rashes, stings and burns. Papain ointment is commonly made from fermented papaya flesh, and is applied as a gel-like paste. Harrison Ford was treated for a ruptured disc incurred during filming of "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom" by having papain injected into his back. [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=QQPpRUYPdr0C&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=harrison+ford+papaya&source=web&ots=Nf46sJ5art&sig=VkDhLMszaxrakJiPiSqx_p3MEWg Entry on Harrison Ford's back treatment] .]

Women in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and other parts of the world have long used papaya as a folk remedy for contraception and abortion.Fact|date=March 2007 Medical research in animals has confirmed the contraceptive and abortifacient capability of papaya, and also found that papaya seeds have contraceptive effects in adult male langur monkeys, possibly in adult male humans as well. [cite journal | last = Lohiya | first = N. K. | coauthors = B. Manivannan, P. K. Mishra, N. Pathak, S. Sriram, S. S. Bhande, and S. Panneerdoss | year = 2002 | month = March | title = Chloroform extract of "Carica papaya" seeds induces long-term reversible azoospermia in langur monkey | journal = Asian Journal of Andrology | volume = 4 | pages = 17–26 | doi = | url = http://asiaandro.com/1008-682X/4/17.htm | accessdate = 2006-11-18 | format = dead link|date=June 2008 – ^{[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3ALohiya+intitle%3AChloroform+extract+of+%27%27Carica+papaya%27%27+seeds+induces+long-term+reversible+azoospermia+in+langur+monkey&as_publication=Asian+Journal+of+Andrology&as_ylo=2002&as_yhi=2002&btnG=Search Scholar search]} ] Unripe papaya is especially effective in large amounts or high doses. Papaya is not teratogenic and will not cause miscarriage in small, ripe amounts. Phytochemicals in papaya may suppress the effects of progesterone. [cite journal|author=Oderinde, O|title=Abortifacient properties of Carica papaya (Linn) seeds in female Sprague-Dawley rats|journal=Niger Postgrad Medical Journal|pmid=12163882]

The black seeds are edible and have a sharp, spicy taste. They are sometimes ground up and used as a substitute for black pepper. In some parts of Asia the young leaves of papaya are steamed and eaten like spinach.

The papaya fruit is susceptible to the Papaya Fruit Fly. This wasp-like fly lays its eggs in young fruit.

Allergies and side-effects

Caution should be taken when harvesting, as papaya is known to release a latex fluid when not quite ripe, which can cause irritation and provoke allergic reaction in some people. The papaya fruit, seeds, latex, and leaves also contains carpaine, an anthelmintic alkaloid which could be dangerous in high doses.

Excessive consumption of papaya, as of carrots, can cause carotenemia, the yellowing of soles and palms which is otherwise harmless.Fact|date=October 2007

Ethnomedical uses

*The mature (ripe) fruit treats ringworm, green fruits treat high blood pressure, and are used as an aphrodisiac.
*The fruit can be directly applied topically to skin sores ^[1] .
*The juice of the fruit (specifically the enzymes within it) are used to reduce gastrointestinal gas, useful to sufferers of IBS.
*The seeds are anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, and analgesic, and they are used to treat stomachache and fungal infections ^[1] .
*The leaves are used as a heart tonic, analgesic, and to treat stomachache ^[1] .
*The roots are used as an analgesic ^[2] .

Diseases

Names in other languages

*Assamese - "Amita"
*Bengali - "PEnPe" ( _bn. পেঁপে),
*Ewe - "pawpo"Fact|date=April 2008
*Filipino - "Papaya"
*Indonesian - "pepaya" (the word "papaya" originated from this word)
*Javanese - "kates"
*Malay- "betik"
*Portuguese - "mamão" (Brazil)
*Sinhala - "papol"', "guslabu" (literally "tree melon")
*Spanish - "papaya"
**Cuba - "fruta bomba"
**Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela - "Lechosa"
*Swahili -"Papai"
*Sri Lankan English - "papaw"
*Thai - "malakau" ()
*Vietnamese - "đu đủ"
*Polish - "melonowiec właściwy"
*Hindi - "papita"
*Marathi - "papai"
*Tamil - "papaali"
*Telugu - "Boppayi"
*Gujarati - "Pappayu"
*Malayalam - "papaya, omakai"
*Swahili - "papayu"
*Oriya- Amrut Bhanda..

ee also

* Sitala

Photo gallery

References

External links

* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/papaya_ars.html Fruits of Warm Climates: Papaya and Related Species]
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Carica_papaya.html Carica papaya]
* [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/papaya.html California Rare Fruit Growers: Papaya Fruit Facts] .
* [http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-B00001-01c20W1.html Papaya Fruit Nutrition]
* [http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/medicinal/papaya.html Treating Livestock with Medicinal Plants: Beneficial or Toxic? Carica papaya]