- Phoenix Iron Works
. The company also produced the Phoenix column, a significant advance in construction material.
Phoenix Iron Works is a core component of the
Phoenixville Historic District , aNational Register of Historic Places site and in 2006 was recognized as a Historic Landmark by ASM International.History
Originally founded in 1790 to produce nails and purchased in 1812 by
New Jersey industrialist Robert Waln, the Phoenix Iron Company (later renamed the Phoenix Iron Works) producedpig iron ,wrought iron , and other iron-related materials and end products. As the complex grew, it featured a hugeblast furnace andpuddling furnace , an adjacent ironfoundry , warehouses, ancillary buildings, and associated equipment. In 1825, the company was the first to successfully generate steam through the burning ofanthracite coal to heat water. Other innovations soon followed, and engineers at the foundry invented a power-driven rolling method to weld and forge wrought iron, a process that enabled the iron company to begin producing cannon for theUnited States Army . [Hazlett, page 94.]Griffen guns
In 1855, the foundry began producing 6#
smoothbore artillery pieces known as Griffen Guns for the inventor, John Griffen. Hundreds were turned out before production shifted in 1861 to other Griffen designs. [Hazlett, page 46.] Daniel Reeves, owner of the company at the time, invested considerable capital in equipment and processes to modernize the factory and make it one of America's leading producers of iron andsteel .During the Civil War, the factory churned out over 1,000 Griffen-designed 3" Ordnance Rifles, giving it the largest market share of the over 1,400 pieces eventually used by the Army ("see
Field Artillery in the American Civil War "). The wrought iron barrels weighed 820 pounds and were produced using the company's unique rolling process, making them extremely durable and highly resistant to bursting, a problem that plagued many of Phoenixville's smaller competitors that usedcast iron gun tubes. At its peak, the factory was producing 50 3" Ordnance Rifles a week.Many of the Phoenixville-produced rifled guns are still extant in private collections, municipal parks, and at battlefields across the country. A number are on the
Gettysburg Battlefield , as well as in other locations in Pennsylvania. They are easily recognizable by the inscription PIC stamped on themuzzle of the gun tube (for Phoenix Iron Company). [Cole, page 25. Phil Cole, a Licensed Battlefield Guide at Gettysburg and artillery author, has identified and located all 62 of the PIC tubes on the battlefield. Unstamped 3" Rifles were generally produced in smaller facilities in New York and other locations.]Other significant products included iron for fashioning rails for the
Pennsylvania Railroad and other eastern railroad lines, wrought iron for fencing and home decorative usage, and similar applications, as well as steel products.Phoenix column
The "Phoenix Column" (invented by Samuel Reeves in 1862 during the Civil War), was a hollow cylinder comprised of four, six, or eight wrought iron segments that were riveted together into a single column. The result was much lighter and stronger than the usual solid cast iron columns of the daycite web |url= http://www.explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=920 |title= Historical Markers: Phoenix Iron Company |accessdate= 2008-06-28] and advanced the ability to build massive structures without the usual brutally heavy and load bearing walls. Taller and taller buildings could now be built on narrow urban plots, helping facilitate the creation of the skyscraper and high stress load bearing bridges. The
Eiffel Tower inParis usedpuddled iron imported from Phoenixville. [ [http://phoenixvillerickgro11.spaces.live.com/ Phoenixville.net] ]The company declined as the steel and iron industry of western Pennsylvania waned in the late 20th century, and most of its buildings were dismantled. By 1984, production had ceased. Only the old foundry and company office buildings remain from the once sprawling complex. The foundry building and the office building have been restored and put to other uses.
Phoenix Bridge Company
The success of the Phoenix column led to the formation of a construction subsidiary. Initially it was named Clarke, Reeves & Co., then the Phoenixville Bridge Works, and finally the Phoenix Bridge Company. The firm ultimately built some 4,200 bridges, primarily
wrought iron truss railway bridges.cite web |url= http://users.etown.edu/w/winpentr/phoenixweb.htm |title= Without Fitting, Filing or Chipping by Tom Winpenny: An illustrated History of the Phoenix Bridge Company |accessdate= 2008-06-28] Phoenix Bridge was involved with the construction of theManhattan Bridge , the Walnut Street Bridge inHarrisburg and reached an international market with projects as far away asRussia andChina . In 1900 the Bridge Company was awarded the contract for theQuebec Bridge across theSt. Lawrence River . [cite web |url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9503E7DE1F3CE433A25752C0A9639C946197D6CF |title= QUEBEC BRIDGE CONTRACT LET.; Awarded to the Phoenix Bridge Company of Pennsylvania. |accessdate= 2008-06-28] The 1907 collapse of that bridge during construction was blow to its reputation. Phoenix Bridge eventually closed in 1962.Gallery
References
* [http://invention.smithsonian.org/resources/MIND_Repository_Details.aspx?rep_id=1343 Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention & Innovation, Smithsonian National Museum of American History]
* Cole, Philip, "The 3" Ordnance Rifle", "CHARGE!" magazine, Issue 13, 2006.
* Hazlett, James C.; Olmstead, Edwin; and Parks, M. Hume; "Field Artillery Weapons of the Civil War."University of Illinois Press , 2004. ISBN 0-252-07210-3.
* Martino, Vincent Jr.; "Phoenixville."Arcadia Publishing , 2002. ISBN 0-7385-1112-9.
* [http://phoenixvillerickgro11.spaces.live.com/ Phoenixville.net History of the Iron Works]Notes
External links
* [http://en.structurae.de/firms/data/index.cfm?id=f000663 Phoenix Bridge Company projects on Structurae]
* [http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/cdm4/bridges_viewer.php?ptr=1103 Album of designs of the Phoenixville Bridge-Works / by Clarke, Reeves & Co., 1873 ]
* [http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/cdm4/bridges_viewer.php?ptr=2890 Album of designs of the Phoenix Bridge Company : successors to Clarke, Reeves & Co., Phoenixville Bridge Works., 1885]
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