Kingdom of Sarawak

Infobox Former Country
native_name =
conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Sarawak
common_name = Sarawak
continent = moved from Category:Asia to the Southeast Asia
region = Southeast Asia
empire = United Kingdom
status = Protectorate
status_text = Protectorate of the United Kingdom
era = New Imperialism
year_start = 1842
year_end = 1946
date_start = August 18
date_end = June 30
event_start = Independence
event_end = Ceded to the United Kingdom
event1 = Protectorate
date_event1 = June 14, 1888
event_post = Federation
date_post = September 16, 1963
p1 = Sultanate of Brunei
flag_p1 = Flag of Brunei.svg
s1 = Colony of Sarawak
flag_s1 = Flag_of_Sarawak.svg

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national_motto = Dum Spiro Spero
(Malay:"Haraplah, Selagi Bernafas"


capital = Kuching
common_languages = English, Iban, Malay, Chinese
government_type = Monarchy
legislature = Council Negri
title_leader=Rajah
leader1 = James Brooke
year_leader1= 1841–1868
leader2 = Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke
year_leader2= 1868–1917
leader3 = Charles Vyner Brooke
year_leader3= 1917–1946
stat_area1 = 124450
currency = Sarawak dollar

The Kingdom of Sarawak was a state established by Sir James Brooke in 1842 by gaining independence from the Sultanate of Brunei. In 1888 Charles Anthony Johnson Brooke, the successor of James Brooke, accepted a British Protectorate, which it remained until 1946, when the third ruler Charles Vyner Brooke ceded his rights to the United Kingdom. Since 1968, Sarawak has been a state of Malaysia.

History

Sarawak was part of the Sultanate of Brunei. During the reign of Pangeran Indera Mahkota, Sarawak was in chaos. Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (1827-1852) the Sultan of Brunei, ordered Pangeran Muda Hashim in 1839 to restore order and it was during this time that James Brooke arrived in Sarawak. Pangeran Muda Hashim initially requested assistance but James Brooke refused. In 1841, James Brooke paid another visit to Sarawak and this he agreed to assist Pangeran Muda Hashim signed a treaty in 1841 surrendering Sarawak and Sinian to James Brooke. Thereafter, on 24 September 1841, Pangeran Muda Hashim bestowed the title Governor to James Brooke. He effectively became the Rajah of Sarawak and founded the White Rajah Dynasty of Sarawak, later extending his administration through an agreement with the Sultan of Brunei.

James Brooke, who was to become the first White Rajah, received a sizable tract of land from the Sultan. As time went on Sarawak's size would increase tremendously as more territory was leased or annexed from Brunei.

Japanese Invasion

During World War II, Sarawak, as a British protectorate, was brought into the war against Nazi Germany. However, as in World War I, Sarawak had little direct involvement with the conflict aside from providing war materials. However resources for the defence of Sarawak, which was known to be a strategically important goal in the event of an expected Japanese attack, were not available because they were all needed for the defence of the home country. When the Pacific War began in December 1941, Sarawak was brought into the war against Japan on the side of the Allies as part of the British Empire. Sarawak depended upon British protection as she had very limited armed forces, although the Sarawak Rangers were mobilised. In the late 1930s, an air field was constructed near Kuching which could be used as a base for the Royal Air Force in the event of war with Japan, however this proved to be of little use due to the lack of British aircraft available in the Far East. A detachment of Indian Army infantry (2/15th Punjabi regiment) and some anti-aircraft guns were dispatched to Sarawak to support the Sarawak Rangers, however Sarawak was quickly overrun due to the lack of adequate protection. Rajah Vyner was visiting Australia during the time of invasion and was unable to return to Sarawak until its liberation in 1945, despite his attempts to return and launch commando raids to fight the Japanese in the jungle. Sarawak's small merchant marine was used by the British in the Far Eastern campaign, with the sinking of the SS Vyner Brooke resulting in the infamous Banka Island massacre. A government in exile was formed, although it proved ineffectual due to the lack of contact with Sarawak. Sarawak, along with the rest of Borneo, was liberated by the Australian Army in 1945.

Cession to the United Kingdom

After the World War II, Vyner Brooke ceded Sarawak to the Colonial Office for a sizeable pension for him and his three daughters. Charles' nephew, Anthony Brooke, who as designated heir bore the title of "Rajah Muda", initially opposed cession to the Crown along with a majority of the native members of the Council Negri, or parliament. Duncan Stewart, the second British governor to Sarawak, was assassinated in the resulting unrest. However, there is now no serious movement for the restoration of the monarchy.

Demographics

Sarawak is notably different from peninsular Malaysia and even Sabah in that its ethnic groups are more varied due to the large proportion of tribal peoples such as the Iban and Dayaks. Chinese migration was encouraged at various times by the Brookes.

Government

The three White Rajahs of Sarawak were:
*Sir James Brooke (1841–1868)
*Sir Charles Anthony Johnson Brooke (1868–1917)
*Sir Charles Vyner Brooke (1917–1946)

When James Brooke first arrived in Sarawak it was governed as a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei. When he assumed control of the original area around Kuching in the 1840s much of the system of government was based on the ineffective Bruneian model. James set about reforming the government and eventually creating a civil service known as Sarawak Service which recruited European, mainly British officers to run district outstations. James retained many of the customs and symbols of Malay monarchy and combined them with his own style of absolute rule. The Rajah had the power to introduce laws and also acted as chief judge in Kuching.

While the manner of his departure was controversial, Vyner nonetheless instituted significant political reforms, including ending the absolute rule of the Rajah in 1941 ahead of the Japanese invasion by granting new powers to the Council Negri.

Military

A small paramilitary force, Sarawak Rangers, was formed by Rajah Charles to police and defend the expanding state. This small army also manned a series of forts around the country, performed ceremonial duties and acted as the Rajahs' personal guard.

The Sarawak Rangers were a para-military force founded in 1872 by the second Rajah of Sarawak, Charles Anthony Johnson Brooke. They evolved from the fortmen which were raised to defend Kuching in 1846. The Sarawak Rangers were commanded by a former British Army Officer, Sir William Henry Rodway, and were highly skilled in jungle warfare and general policing duties, being equipped with various western rifles, cannons and native weaponry.

Aside from protecting Sarawak's borders, they were used to fight any rebels and were engaged in a number of campaigns during their history. The Sarawak Rangers were disbanded for a few years in the 1930's, only to be reformed and mobilised for the Second World War in which they attempted to defend Sarawak from Japanese invasion in 1942 at the start of the Pacific War. After the abdication of Charles Vyner Brooke in 1946, the Sarawak Rangers became a colonial unit under direct British control and saw action in both the Malayan Emergency and the Borneo Confrontation.

Economy

By and large the Brookes pursued a policy of paternalism, aimed at protecting the 'native peoples' from capitalist exploitation but also preventing the same levels of development which were evident in some other parts of the British Empire. While James laid much of the groundwork for the expansion of Sarawak, it was his nephew Charles who was the great builder, both in terms of public buildings, forts and extending the borders of the state.

The Brookes were determined to prevent the peoples of Sarawak from being 'exploited' by Western business interests and formed The Borneo Company to assist in managing the economy. The Borneo Company was also to provide military support to the Brookes during events such as the Chinese Rebellion when one of the company Steamers, "The Sir James Brooke" was used to assist in the recapture of Kuching.

The architectural legacy of the dynasty can be seen in many of the country's nineteenth century and colonial heritage buildings. In Kuching these include the Astana, or governor's residence, the Old Sarawak Museum, Fort Margherita, the Square Fort, the Old Courthouse and Brooke Memorial. Several key buildings from the Brooke period has been demolished, including the offices and warehouses of Borneo Company.

Culture

The period of Brooke rule is generally looked upon favourably in Sarawak, although successive post-federation Malaysian governments have attempted to downplay and to a certain extent, denounce the Brooke Raj. However, modern Kuching still boasts many businesses and attractions which capitalise upon the era of the White Rajahs. The Brooke Dockyard, which was founded in the period of Rajah Charles, is still in operation, as is the original Sarawak Museum. The James Brooke Café and the "Royalist", a pub named after Rajah James Schooner, pay tribute to the Brookes.

ee also

*Japanese occupation of Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak
*Malayan Union
*North Borneo

References

*Runciman, Steven, "The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946", Cambridge University Press, 1960
*Brooke, Ranee Margaret, "My Life in Sarawak", 1913.
*Sylvia, Lady Brooke, "Queen of the Headhunters", 1970.
*Reece, R.H.W., "The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak", 1993.
*Eade, Philip, "Sylvia, Queen of the Headhunters: A Biography of Lady Brooke, the Last Ranee of Sarawak" London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007